Audiovisual Narrative Genres as a Tool for Advertising Research
- Víctor Hernández-Santaolalla Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2207-4014
- Jorge David Fernández Gómez Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-6639
- María del Mar Rubio-Hernández Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-8067
Resumen
La creatividad publicitaria ha sido insuficientemente operacionalizada hasta la fecha, siendo escasos los estudios que han abordado la clasificación de las fórmulas o fuentes que pueden contribuir a crear mensajes publicitarios. En este sentido, este estudio propone plantear los géneros narrativos audiovisuales como fuentes útiles y prolíficas para la obtención de conocimientos estratégicos y el establecimiento de conceptos creativos. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido de una muestra de 411 anuncios premiados o preseleccionados en el Festival Internacional de Creatividad de Cannes Lions (2009-2018), examinándose, aparte del género audiovisual, el posicionamiento y las categorías de producto. Los resultados indican la importancia de los géneros, especialmente la comedia y el drama, en la publicidad, a la vez que proporcionan varias indicaciones prácticas en cuanto a sus implicaciones estratégicas y creativas.
Descargas
Biografía del autor/a
Víctor Hernández-Santaolalla holds a PhD (obtaining the Outstanding Doctorate Award) in Communication Studies. He is currently Associate Professor of the Audiovisual Communication and Advertising Department of the Universidad de Sevilla (Spain). His research interests focus on the effects of mass communication, ideology and popular culture, political communication, propaganda, surveillance and social media, and the analysis of advertising discourse. He has published papers in collective books and international journals like Information, Communication and Society, Journal of Popular Culture, Communication Studies, Academic Quarter, or European Journal of Communication, among others. Recently, he has published a book about mass media effects (2018). He has also edited two books about tv series Breaking Bad (2013) and Sons of Anarchy (2017), and another about the representation of serial killer in contemporary television fiction (2015).
Jorge David Fernández Gómez holds a PhD (obtaining the Outstanding Doctorate Award) in Brand Management, is a lecturer in Communication at Universidad de Sevilla, Spain, and he has been a member of Department of Business Economics in the UCA. He collaborates with different universities such as Bryant University (USA) or Nova (Portugal). He has published thirteen books (McGraw-Hill, Hachette Livre, etc.) and papers in European and American scholarly journals such as New Media and Society. His research interests include brand management, popular culture, advertising strategy and advertising structure. He has worked in advertising for clients like Google, Microsoft, Bankia, P&G, Tio Pepe, or Telefonica.
María del Mar Rubio-Hernández holds a PhD in Communication Studies from the Universidad de Sevilla (obtaining the Outstanding Doctorate Award), where she also earned an Advertising and Public Relations degree in 2007. She has visited foreign universities, such as the Erasmushoge School in Brussels and The University of Michigan, where she developed a special interest in the analysis of the advertising discourse. Her scientific activity focuses on collaborations with international communication magazines and conferences; moreover, she has also participated in several collective books about popular TV shows, and has also co-edited two books in 2019: one about cultural branding and another about narratives genres in advertising. She combines said research work with teaching at the Department of Communication Studies at the Universidad de Sevilla since 2011.
Citas
Aaker, D.A. (1996). Building Strong Brands. New York: The Free Press.
Aaker, D.A. & Myers, J.G. (1982). Advertising Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Altman, R. (2006). Film/Genre. London: BFI Publishing.
Arens, W. Schaefer, D., & Weigold, M. (2009). Essentials of Contemporary Advertising. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Astre, G.A. & Hoarau, A.P. (1973). Univers du Western. Paris: Seghers.
Bailey, R.L., Liu, J. & Wang, T. (2018). Primary biological motivators in food advertisements: energy density and sexual appeals compete for appetitive motivational activation. Communication Research, Online First: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218793747
Baldwin, H. (1989). How to create effective TV commercials. Chicago: NTC Business Books.
Baños González, M. (2001). Creatividad y publicidad. Madrid: Laberinto Comunicación.
Bassat, L. (1993). El libro rojo de la publicidad. Barcelona: Ediciones Folio.
Batey, M. (2016). Brand Meaning. Meaning, Myth, and Mystique in Today’s Brands. New York and London: Routledge.
Bennett, R. (2000). Effects of horrific appeals on public attitudes towards AIDS. International Journal of Advertising 15(3): 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0265-0487.1996.00021.pp.x
Book, A.C., & Cary, N.D. (1970). The Television Commercial. Creativity and Craftsmanship. New York: Decker.
Borde, R., & Chaumeton, E. (2002). A Panorama of American Film Noir (1941-1953). San Francisco: City Lights Publishers.
Brooke-Rose, C. (1981). A Rhetoric of the Unreal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Caples, J. (1983). How to Make Your Advertising Make Money. Texas: Snowball.
Carroll, N. (1990). The Philosophy of Horror: Or, Paradoxes of the Heart. London and New York: Routledge.
Cavallaro, D. (2002). The Gothic Vision: Three Centuries of Horror, Terror and Fear. London and New York: Continuum.
Cohan, S. (ed.) (2002). Hollywood Musicals, The Film Reader. Oxford: Routledge.
Cohen, J.M. (1956). A History of Western Literature. London: Penguin Books.
Coogan, P. (2009). The Definition of the Superhero. In: J. Heer & K. Worcester (eds.) Comics Studies Reader. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, pp: 77-93.
Cornea, C. (2007). Science Fiction Cinema: Between Fantasy and Reality. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Craig, R. (2013). It Came from 1957: A Critical Guide to the Year’s Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc.
Creacy, D. (2014). Did You Notice? The Wristwatch, Upside Down Gun, Power Pole and Tire Tracks in Western Film Stills. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc.
Darowski, J.J. (2014). The Superhero Narrative and the Graphic Novel. In: G. Hoppenstad (ed.) Critical Insights: The Graphic Novel. Ipswich: Salem Press, pp. 3-16.
De Chernatony, L., McDonald, M., & Wallace, E. (2011). Creating Powerful Brands. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Dichter, E. (1971). Motivating Human Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Durgnat, R. (1998). Paint it Black: The Family Tree of the Film Noir. In A. Silver A & J. Ursini (eds.) Film Noir Reader. New York: Limelight Editions, pp. 37-51.
Dye, G. (2009). Advertising as Communication. London and New York: Routledge.
Effron, M. (2011). The Millennial Detective: Essays on Trends in Crime Fiction, Film and Television. 1990-2010. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc.
Etayo Pérez, C., & Del Río, J. (2011). Influencia de los factores humanos sobre la creatividad en las agencias de publicidad. Zer. Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 13(25): 197-219.
Fernández Gómez, J.D., & Rubio-Hernández, M.M. (eds.) (2019). Géneros Narrativos Audiovisuales en Publicidad. Madrid: Tecnos.
Feuer, J. (1993). The Hollywood Musical. Hampshire and London: Macmillan.
Fowles, J (1996). Advertising and Popular Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage.
Franzen, G., & Moriarty, S. (2009). The Science and Art of Branding. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Freeman, T. (1972). The Cowboy and the Astronaut – The American image in German periodical advertisements. The Journal of Popular Culture 6(1): 83–103. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1972.0601_83.x
Frisby, C.M. (2002). Reaching male consumer by way of daytime TV soap operas. Journal of Advertising Research 42(2): 56–64. https://doi.org/ 10.2501/JAR-42-2-56-64
Gehring, W.D. (1988). Handbook of American Film Genres. New York: GreenWood Press.
Gehring, W.D. (2008). Romantic vs. Screwball Comedy: Charting the Difference. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
Grant, B.K. (1986). Film Genre Reader. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Hansen, J., Strick, M., van Baaren, R.B., Hooghuis, M. & Wigboldus, D.H. (2009). Exploring memory for product names advertised with humour. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 8(2-3): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.278
Harrison, T. (1989). A Handbook of Advertising Techniques. London: Kogan Page.
Healey, M. (2008). What is branding?. Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision.
Heding, T., Knudtzen, C.F., & Bjerre, M. (2009). Brand Management. Research, Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.
Helgesen, T. (1994). Advertising awards and advertising agency performance criteria. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(4), 43-54.
Herman, D. (2009). Basic Elements of Narrative. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
Hirsch, F. (1999). Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-Noir. New York: Limelight.
Hischak, T.S. (2004). Through the Screen Door: What Happened to the Broadway Musical When It Went to Hollywood. Oxford: Scarecrow.
Holt, D.B. (2004). How brands become icons. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Hopkins, C. (1966). Scientific Advertising. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. (1972). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Nueva York: Herder and Herder.
Jackson, R. (2003). Fantasy. The Literature of Subversion. London and New York: Routledge.
Jhally, S. (1990). The Codes of Advertising. New York: Routledge.
Joannis, H. (1991). Le processus de création publicitaire. Paris: Dunod.
Joannis, H. (1993). De l'étude de motivation à la création publicitaire et à la promotion des ventes. Paris: Dunod.
Kapferer, J.N. (2012). The New Strategic Brand Management. Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
Kellaris, J., Cox, A.D., & Cox, D. (1993). The effect of background music on ad processing: A contingency explanation. Journal of Marketing 5(4): 114–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252223
Keller, K.L. (2007). Strategic Brand Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kilgour, M., Sasser, S., & Koslow, S. (2013). Creativity Awards: Great Expectations? Creativity Research Journal 25(2): 163-171. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10400419.2013.783741
King, G. (2002). Film Comedy. London: Wallflower Press.
King, G., & Krzywinska, T. (2002). Science Fiction Cinema: From Outerspace to Cyberspace. London and New York: Wallflower.
King, S. (1981). Danse Macabre. New York: Doubleday.
Kloepfer, R., & Shaw, P. (1982). Escape into Reception: The Scientistic and Hemeneutic Schools of German Literary Theory. Poetics Today 3(2): 47–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772066
Konigsberg, I. (1997). The Complete Film Dictionary. New York: Dutton Plume.
Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Brady, M., Goodman, M., & Hansen, T. (2019). Marketing Management. Harlow: Pearson.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Kübler, R.V., & Proppe, D. (2012). Faking or Convincing: Why Do Some Advertising Campaigns Win Creativity Awards? BuR Business Research Journal 5(1): 60-81.
Langford, B. (2005). Film Genre: Hollywood and Beyond. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Lavandier, Y. (1994). La Dramaturgie. Les mécanismes du récit - Cinéma, théatre, opéra, radio, Télévision, B.D. Paris: Le Clown & l'Enfant Editeurs.
Levi Strauss & Co (2017). Levi’s “Circles” is one of the most-watched ads of 2017. Levi Strauss & Co, December 19. https://bit.ly/3DbUPVb
Lovecraft, H.P. (2013). Supernatural Horror in Literature. London: Wermod and Wermod.
Ma, J., & Gal, D. (2016). When sex and romance conflict: the effect of sexual imagery in advertising on preference for romantically linked products and services. Journal of Marketing Research 53(4): 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0374
Mainon, D., & Ursini, J. (2007). Cinema of Obsession: Erotic Fixation and Love Gone Wrong in the Movies. New York: Limelight Editions.
Martel, F. (2010). Mainstream. Paris: Flammarion.
Martin, P. (2009). Sex, Drugs and Chocolate. The Science of Pleasure. London: 4th Estate.
Mayer, M. (1958). Madison Avenue U.S.A. London: The Bodley Head.
Maynard, M.L. (2004). “Slice-of-Life”: A persuasive mini drama in Japanese Television advertising. The Journal of Popular Culture 31(2): 131–142.
Mills, B. (2004). Comedy Vérité: Contemporary Sitcom Form. Screen 2(45): 63–78. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/screen/45.1.63
Mittell, J. (2004). Genre and Television: From Cop Shows to Cartoons in American Culture. New York: Routledge.
Montano, J.R. (2004). Characteristics of US hispanic advertising: A comparison of award-winning and non-winning commercials (Dissertation, University of Florida).
Morales, A.C., Wu, E.C., & Fitzsimons, G.J. (2012). How disgust enhances the effectiveness of fear appeals. Journal of Marketing Research 49(3): 383–393. https://doi.org/ 10.1509/jmr.07.0364
Morrison, G. (2011). Supergods: Our World in the Age of the Superhero. London: Jonathan Cape.
Mukherjee, A., & Dubé, L. (2012). Mixing emotions: The use of humor in fear advertising. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 11(2): 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.389
Ogilvy, D. (2011). Ogilvy on Advertising. London: Prion.
Park, C.W., & Young, S.M. (1986). Consumer response to television commercials: the impact of involvement and background music on brand attitude formation. Journal of Marketing Research 23(1): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151772
Parry, S., Jones, R., Stern, P., & Robinson, M. (2013). “Shockvertising”: An exploratory investigation into attitudinal variations and emotional reactions to shock advertising. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 12(2): 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1430
Percy, L., & Rosenbaum-Elliot, R. (2009). Strategic Advertising Management. New York: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, B.J., Sedgwick, J.R., & Slobodzian, A.D. (2019). Spokes-characters in print advertising: An update and extension. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 40(2): 214-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2018.1503110
Pilgrim, L., Norris, J.I., & Hackathorn, J. (2017). Music is awesome: Influences of emotion, personality, and preference on experienced awe. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 16(5): 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1645
Pollay, R.W. (1986). The distorted mirror: Reflections on the unintended consequences of advertising. Journal of Marketing 50(2): 18–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251597
Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.
Potter, W.J., & Warren, R. (1988). Humor as camouflage of televised violence. Journal of Communication 48(2): 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02747.x
Ramonet, I. (2000). La golosina visual. Madrid: Editorial Debat.
Reichert, T., & Lambiase, J. (eds.) (2003). Sex in advertising. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Repiso, R., Berlanga, I., Ramos-Ábalos, E.M., Llorente-Barroso, C. & García-García, F. (2018). La industria publicitaria iberoamericana caracterizada desde un meta estudio de los anuncios premiados en festivales. Palabra Clave, 21(2): 524-549. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2018.21.2.11
Ries, A., & Trout, J. (2001). Positioning: The Battle for your Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Roberts, K. (2004). Lovemarks. The Future Beyond Brands. New York: PowerHouse.
Rockoff, A. (2002). Going to Pieces. The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.
Roes, G., Merchant, A., & Bakir, A. (2012). Fantasy in food advertising targeted at children. Journal of Advertising 41(3): 75–90.
Roman, K., & Maas, J. (2005). How to Advertise. New York: Thomas Dunne.
Rosenstone, R.A. (1995). Revisioning History: Film and the Construction of a New Past. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rosenstone, R.A. (2006). History on Film. Film on History. London: Longman.
Russell, G. (2013). Planning Advertisements. Oxon: Routledge.
Sánchez Noriega, J.L. (2005). Historia del cine. Madrid: Alianza.
Schatz, T. (1981). Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System. New York: Random House.
Sengupta, S. (2007). Brand positioning. Strategies for competitive advantage. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Silverblatt, A. (2007). Genre Studies in Mass Media. Armonk and London: M. E. Sharpe.
Stafford, M.R. (1998). Advertising sex-typed services: The effects of sex, service type, and employee type on consumer attitudes. Journal of Advertising 27(2): 65–82.
Stam, R. (1999). Film Theory: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Starr, M.E. (1984). The Marlboro Man: Cigarette smoking and masculinity in America. The Journal of Popular Culture 17(4): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1984.1704_45.x
Stern, B.B., Russell, C.A. & Russell, D.W. (2007). Hidden persuasions in soap operas: damaged heroines and negative consumer effects. International Journal of Advertising 26(1): 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2007.11072994
Sterntahl, B. & Craig, C.S. (1973). Humor in advertising. Journal of Marketing 37(4): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/1250353
Tellis, G. (1998). Advertising and Sales Promotion Strategy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
The Work (2019). The Work from Cannes Lions. Available at: https://bit.ly/3F5Vqbi
Thompson, K., & Bordwell, D. (2003). Film History: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Trout, J., & Rivkin, S. (2000). Differentiate or Die: Survival in Our Era of Killer Competition, New York: John Wiley.
Walters, J. (2011). Fantasy Film. A Critical Introduction. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers.
Warshow, R. (1964). The Immediate Experience. Movies, Comics, Theatre & Other Aspects of Popular Culture. Garden City: Anchor Books.
Weilbacher, W. (1979). Advertising. New York: Mcmillan Publishing.
Weinberger, M., & Gulas, C.S. (1992). The impact of humor in advertising: A review. Journal of Advertising 21(4): 35–59.
Wharton, C. (ed.) (2013). Advertising as Culture. Bristol and Chicago: Intellect.
White, H. (1981). How to Produce Effective TV Commercials. Chicago: Crain Books.
Williamson, J. (1998). Decoding Advertisements. Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London and New York: Marion Boyars.
Wilson, R.T. & Brian, D.T. (2011). Product placements in movies and on Broadway. A field study. International Journal of Advertising 30(3): 373–398. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-3-373-398
Wood, R. (2002). The American Nightmare: Horror in the 70’s. In: M. Jancovich (ed.) Horror. The Film Reader. London and New York: Routledge.
Zinoman, J. (2011). Shock Value. Richmond, VA: Duckworth.
Descarga artículo
Licencia
La revista Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.