Restless skies at the turn of the first Millennium AD. Climate fluctuations, astronomic phenomena and socio-political turbulences in 10th and 11th century Byzantium and Japan in comparative perspective
- Johannes Preiser-Kapeller Institute for Medieval Research/Department for Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-7404
Abstract
Around the turn of the first Millennium AD, both in Christian polities such as the Byzantine Empire as well as in regions with Buddhist communities such as in Heian Japan, expectations of an end of times emerged. Although based on different religious and independent chronological interpretations, they gained attraction at the same time due to the parallel observation and interpretation of the same astronomical phenomena (such as sightings of Halley´s comet in 989 AD) or of simultaneous climate anomalies, which can partly be connected with the Oort Solar Minimum of the 11th century. This paper explores and compares the interplay between natural phenomena, religious and political unrest, apocalyptic interpretations and individual decision-making for Byzantium and Japan on the basis of historical and natural scientific evidence.
References
“The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary” by Lennart Rydén. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974): 197-261.
Adamson, George C. D., and David J. Nash, “Climate History of Asia (Excluding China)”, in The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, ed. Sam White, Christian Pfister, and Franz Mauelshagen, 203-211. London: Palgrave, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_18
Adolphson, Mikael S., The Gates of Power. Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000.
al-Maqrīzī, Ighāthah, trans. Adel Allouche, Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of al-Maqrīzī's Ighāthah, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994
Andrews, Tara L., Mattʿēos Uṙhayecʿi and His Chronicle. History as Apocalypse in a Crossroads of Cultures, Leiden: Brill, 2017.
Aono, Yasukuyi, and Shizuka Saito, “Clarifying Springtime Temperature Reconstructions of the Medieval Period by gap-filling the Cherry Blossom phenological Data Series at Kyoto, Japan”. International Journal of Biometeorology 54 (2010): 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0272-x
Arbagi, Martin, “The Celibacy of Basil II”, Byzantine Studies 2/1 (1975): 41-45.
Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, trans. Ernest A. Wallis Budge, The Chronography of Gregory Abû'l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus: Being the First Part of his Political History of the Word, 2 vol.s, London: Oxford University Press, 1932.
Bergmeier, Armin, “Natural Disasters and Time: Non-eschatological Perceptions of Earthquakes in Late Antique and Medieval Historiography”. Millennium. Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. / Yearbook on the Culture and History of the First Millennium C.E. 18 (2021): 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1515/mill-2021-0005
Blair, Heather, Real and Imagined. The Peak of Gold in Heian Japan, Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2015.
Borgen, Robert, Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court, Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 1986.
Brandes, Wolfram, “Byzantine Predictions of the End of the World in 500, 1000, and 1492 AD”, in The End(s) of Time(s). Apocalypticism, Messianism, and Utopianism through the Ages, ed. Hans-Christian Lehner, 32-63. Leiden: Brill, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004462434_004
Brandes, Wolfram, “Endzeiterwartung im Jahre 1009 a.D.?” in Konflikt und Bewältigung. Die Zerstörung der Grabeskirche zu Jerusalem im Jahre 1009, ed. Thomas Pratsch, 301-320. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110253528.301
Brandes, Wolfram, “Kaiserprophetien und Hochverrat. Apokalyptische Schriften und Kaiservaticinien als Medium antikaiserlicher Propaganda” in Endzeiten. Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen, ed. Wolfram Brandes and Felicitas Schmieder, 157-200. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110209709.157
Brandes, Wolfram, “Liudprand von Cremona (Legatio cap. 39-41) und eine bisher unbeachtete west-östliche Korrespondenz über die Bedeutung des Jahres 1000 A. D.”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 93/2 (2000): 435-463.
Brönnimann, Stefan, Christian Pfister, and Sam White, “Archives of Nature and Archives of Societies”, in The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, ed. Sam White, Christian Pfister, and Franz Mauelshagen, 27-36. London: Palgrave, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_3
Buc, Philippe, “Eschatologies of the Sword, Compared: Latin Christianity, Islam(s), and Japanese Buddhism”, in Cultures of Eschatology, ed. Veronika Wieser, Vincent Eltschinger and Johann Heiss, 277-293. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110597745-016
Büntgen, Ulf, et al., “Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD”. Nature Geoscience 9 (2016): 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652
Büntgen, Ulf, et al., “Prominent role of volcanism in Common Era climate variability and human history”. Dendrochronologia 64 (2020): 125757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125757
Büntgen, Ulf, et al., “Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE”. Nature Communication 9 (2018): 3605. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06036-0
Busse, Heribert, Chalif und Großkönig. Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055), Beirut: Ergon, 2004.
Campbell, Bruce M.S., The Great Transition. Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Chen, Xuan-Yu, et al., “Clarifying the distal to proximal tephrochronology of the Millennium (B-Tm) eruption, Changbaishan Volcano, northeast China”. Quaternary Geochronology 33 (2016): 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2016.02.003
Cohen, Shabtai, and Gerald Stanhill, “Changes in the Sun´s radiation: the role of widespread surface solar radiation trends in climate change: dimming and brightening”, in Climate Change. Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, ed. Trevor M. Letcher, 687-709. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821575-3.00032-3
Cook, David, “Messianism and Astronomical Events during the First Four Centuries of Islam”. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 91-94 (2000): 29-52. https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/247#tocto1n6
Dagron, Gilbert, “Quand la terre tremble…”, in Idées byzantines, vol. I, ed. Gilbert Dagron, 3-22. Paris: ACHCByz, 2012.
Degroot, Dagomar, et al., “Towards a rigorous understanding of societal responses to climate change”. Nature 591 (2021): 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03190-2
Diaz, Henry F., et al., “Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Climate in Medieval Times Revisited”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92/11 (2011): 1487-1500. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-10-05003.1
Dorman, Lev I., “Space weather and cosmic ray effects”, in Climate Change. Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, ed. Trevor M. Letcher, 711-768. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821575-3.00033-5
Elvin, Mark, “Who Was Responsible for the Weather? Moral Meteorology in Late Imperial China”. Osiris 13, Beyond Joseph Needham: Science, Technology, and Medicine in East and Southeast Asia (1998): 213-237.
Farris, William Wayne, “Famine, Climate, and Farming in Japan, 670–1100”, in Heian Japan, centers and peripheries, ed. Mikael Adolphson, Edward Kamens, and Stacie Matsumoto, 275-304. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
Farris, William Wayne, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.
Farris, William Wayne, Japan´s Medieval Population. Famine, Fertility and Warfare in a Transformative Age, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006.
Farris, William Wayne, Population, Disease and Land in Early Japan, 645-900, Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 1985.
Fleitmann, Dominik, et al., “Sofular Cave, Turkey 50KYr Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data”. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-132, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/8637
Fried, Johannes, “Endzeiterwartung um die Jahrtausendwende”. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 45 (1989): 381-473.
Goosse, Hugues, et al., “The medieval climate anomaly in Europe: Comparison of the summer and annual mean signals in two reconstructions and in simulations with data assimilation”. Global and Planetary Change 84-85 (2012): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.002
Grapard, Allan G., “Religious practices”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 517-575. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Groner, Paul, Ryōgen and Mount Hiei. Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002.
Grove, Richard, and George Adamson, El Niño in World History, London: Palgrave, 2018.
Guillet, Sébastien, et al., “Climatic and societal impacts of a “forgotten” cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108–1110 CE”. Nature Scientific Reports 10 (2020): 6715. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63339-3
Guiot, Joel, et al., “Growing Season Temperatures in Europe and Climate Forcings Over the Past 1400 Years”. PLoS ONE 5(4) (2010): e9972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009972
Gukanshō, transl. Delmer M. Brown and Ishirō Ishida, The Future and the Past. Translation and Study of the Gukansho, an interpretative History of Japan written in 1219, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1979.
Hassan, Fekri A., “Extreme Nile floods and famines in Medieval Egypt (AD 930-1500) and their climatic implications”. Quaternary International 173-174 (2007): 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.001
Holmes, Catherine, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Horton, Sarah, “The influence of the Ōjōyōshū in Late Tenth- and Early Eleventh Century Japan”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 31/1 (2004): 29-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233736
Hurst, G. Cameron, III, “Insei”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 576-642. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Hurst, G. Cameron, III, “Kugyō and Zuryō. Center and Periphery in the Era of Fujiwara no Michinaga”, in Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries, ed. Mikael S. Adolphson, Edward Kamens und Stacie Matsumoto, 66-101. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824862817-007
Hurst, G. Cameron, III, “Michinaga's Maladies. A Medical Report on Fujiwara no Michinaga”. Monumenta Nipponica 34/1 (1979): 101-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384283
John Geometres: Anecdota Graeca, e Codd. Manuscriptis Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis, ed. J. A. Cramer, vol 4., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1841.
John Geometres: Jean Géomètre. Poèmes en hexamètres et en distiques élégiaques, ed. Emilie Marlène van Opstall, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
John Scylitzes, Synopsis, ed. Johannes Thurn, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 5, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1973.
John Scylitzes, Synopsis, trans. John Wortley, John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811–1057, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Kaldellis, Anthony, Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood. The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Katsuta, Nagayoshi, et al., “Radiocarbon analysis of tree ring for a catastrophic collapse in the northern Yatsugatake volcanoes: Its implication for seismotectonics in southwest Japan”. Quaternary International 604 (2021): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.05.007
Kiley, Cornelius J., “Provincial administration and land tenure in early Heian”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 236-340. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Kraft, András, “Natural Disasters in Medieval Greek Apocalypses”. Scrinium 17 (2021): 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1163/18177565-bja10042
Krallis, Dimitris, “Historiography as Political Debate”, in The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium, ed. Anthony Kaldellis and Niketas Siniossoglou, 599-614. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107300859.036
Landes, Richard A., “Lest the Millennium Be Fulfilled: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Pattern of Western Chronography 100-800 CE”, in The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages, ed. Werner Verbeke, Daniel Verhelst and Andries Welkenhuysen, 137-211. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988.
Lauxtermann, Marc C., “Byzantine Poetry and the Paradox of Basil II’s Reign”, in Byzantium in the Year 1000, ed. Paul Magdalino, 199-216. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003.
Lauxtermann, Marc C., “John Geometres – Poet and Soldier”, Byzantion 68/2 (1998), 356-380. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44172337
Lean, J.L., “Estimating Solar Irradiance Since 850 CE”, Earth and Space Science 5 (2018): 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EA000357
Leo the Deacon, History, ed. Carl Benedict Hase, Leonis diaconi Caloënsis Historiae libri X, Bonn: Eduard Weber, 1828.
Leo the Deacon, History, trans. Alice-Mary Talbot and Denis F. Sullivan, The History of Leo the Deacon. Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2005.
Lieberman, Victor, Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Liudprandi Relatio de legatione, ed. P. Chiesa, Liudprandi Cremonensis opera omnia, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 156, 185-218. Turnhout: Brepols, 1998.
Lu, David J., Japan: A Documentary History, Vol. 1: The Dawn of History to the Late Tokugawa Period, London: Routledge, 2005.
Lüning, Sebastian, et al., “Hydroclimate in Africa during the Medieval Climate Anomaly”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 495 (2018): 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.025
Luterbacher, Jürg, et al., “European summer temperatures since Roman times”. Environmental Research Letters 11 (2016): 024001. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001
Magdalino, Paul, “The Year 1000 in Byzantium”, in Byzantium in the Year 1000, ed. Paul Magdalino, 233-270. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003.
Marra, Michele, “The development of mappō thought in Japan. Part 1”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 15/1 (1988): 25-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30234100
Marra, Michele, “The development of mappō thought in Japan. Part 2”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 15/4 (1988): 287-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30234113
Mathez, Edmond A., and Jason E. Smerdon, Climate Change. The Science of Global Warming and our Energy Future, New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
Matthew of Edessa, History, trans. Ara Edmond Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, Lanham: University Press of America, 1993.
McCullough, William H., “The capital and its society”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 97-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
McCullough, William H., “The Heian court, 794-1070”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 20-96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Mekhaldi, Florian et al., “Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4”. Nature Communications 6 (2015): 8611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9611
Michael Psellos, Leben der byzantinischen Kaiser (976-1075). Chronographia, Griechisch-Deutsch (2015), ed. and transl. Diether Roderich Reinsch. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015.
Miyake, Fusa, Kentaro Nagaya, Kimiaki Masuda, and Toshio Nakamura, “A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan”. Nature 486 (2012): 240-242. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11123
Miyoshi Kiyoyuki, sein Leben und seine Zeit, by Inge-Lore Kluge. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1958.
More, Alexander F., “Climate change at the turn of the millennium: new evidence from the consilience of natural and written records” in L’Eurasie autour de l’an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d’un monde en développement, ed. Dominique Barthélemy, Frantz Grenet and Cécile Morrisson, 355-374. Leuven, Paris and Bristol: Peeters, 2022.
Morris, Dana, “Land and society”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 183-235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Mostern, Ruth, The Yellow River. A Natural and Unnatural History, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021.
Neville, Leonora, Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Newfield, Timothy P., “Domesticates, disease and climate in early post-classical Europe: the cattle plague of c.940 and its environmental context”. Post-Classical Archaeologies 5 (2015): 95-126. http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.5_files/Newfield_PCA5_print.pdf
Newfield, Timothy P., “Early Medieval Epizootics and Landscapes of Disease: The Origins and Triggers of European Livestock Pestilences”, in Landscapes and Societies in Medieval Europe East of the Elbe. Interactions Between Environmental Settings and Cultural Transformations, ed. Sunhild Kleingärtner, Timothy P. Newfield, Sébastien Rossignol, Donat Wehner, 73-113. Toronto: PIMS, 2013.
Ōkagami, transl. Helen Craig McCullough, Ōkagami. The Great Mirror. Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) and His Times, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980.
PAGES 2k Network consortium, Database S1 - 11 April 2013 version: http://www.pages-igbp.org/workinggroups/2k-network
Palmer, James T., The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Panov, Mitko B., The Blinded State. Historiographic Debates about Samuel Cometopoulos and His State (10th-11th Century), Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Pfister, Christian, and Heinz Wanner, Klima und Gesellschaft in Europa. Die letzten tausend Jahre, Bern: Haupt Verlag, 2021.
Phillips, Nathalie, Conforming to Invisible Principles: The Significance of Meta-Physical Beliefs for the Heian-Period Episteme and their Articulation in Social and Political Relations, Dissertation, The University of Edinburgh, 2019.
Philopatris: Lucian vol. VIII, ed. with an English translation by M. D. Macleod, 416-465. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1967.
PmbZ: Lilie, Ralph Johannes, et al., Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online, Berlin 1998–2013, online: https://doi.org/10.1515/pmbz
Polovodova Asteman, Irina, Helena L. Filipsson, and Kjell Nordberg, “Tracing winter temperatures over the last two millennia using a north-east Atlantic coastal record”. Climate of the Past 14 (2018): 1097-1118. https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1097/2018/cp-14-1097-2018.html
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, “A Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean? New results and theories on the interplay between climate and societies in Byzantium and the Near East, ca. 1000–1200 AD”. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 65 (2015): 195-242. http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576_0x0033c615.pdf
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, “Byzantium 1025-1204“, in History and Culture of Byzantium, ed. Falko Daim, 59-89. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, “The Medieval Climate Anomaly, the Oort Minimum and Socio-Political Dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Byzantine Empire, 10th to 12th Century” in A Companion to the Environmental History of Byzantium, ed. Adam Izdebski and Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, forthcoming. Leiden: Brill, 2024.
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, Der Lange Sommer und die Kleine Eiszeit. Klima, Pandemien und der Wandel der Alten Welt von 500 bis 1500 n. Chr., Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2021.
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, Die erste Ernte und der große Hunger. Klima, Pandemien und der Wandel der Alten Welt bis 500 n. Chr., Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2021.
Ratcliff, Christian, “The Thematic Structure of Eiga monogatari: Secular Success, Buddhist Concerns and the Function of the Fifteenth Chapter, Utagai”. Studies in Humanities / 神奈川大学人文学会 編 183 (2014): 33-61.
Razjigaeva, Nadezhda G., et al., “Landscape response to the Medieval Warm Period in the South Russian Far East”. Quaternary International 519 (2019): 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.12.006
Rhodes, Robert F., “Ōjōyōshū, Nihon Ōjō Gokuraku-ki, and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japan”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 34/2 (2007): 249-270. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233812
Rhodes, Robert F., Genshin’s Ōjōyōshū and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2017.
Riede, Felix, “Doing palaeo-social volcanology: Developing a framework for systematically investigating the impacts of past volcanic eruptions on human societies using archaeological datasets”. Quaternary International 499 (2019): 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.027
Robert, Jean-Noël, “Le Genji-monogatari : le roman de la fin des temps ?” in L’Eurasie autour de l’an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d’un monde en développement, ed. Dominique Barthélemy, Frantz Grenet and Cécile Morrisson, 3-22. Leuven, Paris and Bristol: Peeters, 2022.
Rohr, Christian, Chantal Camenisch, and Kathleen Pribyl, “European Middle Ages”, in The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, ed. Sam White, Christian Pfister, and Franz Mauelshagen, 247-263. London: Palgrave, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5
Sakaguchi, Y., “Warm and cold stages in the past 7600 years in Japan and their global sea level changes and the ancient Japanese history”, Bulletin of Department of Geography, University of Tokyo 15 (1983): 1-31 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Sakashita, Wataru, et al., “Relationship between early summer precipitation in Japan and the El Niño-Southern and Pacific Decadal Oscillations over the past 400 years”. Quaternary International 397 (2016): 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.054
Sansom, George, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958.
Scheid, Bernhard, “Death and Pollution as a Common Matrix of Japanese Buddhism and Shintō”, in Cultures of Eschatology, ed. Veronika Wieser, Vincent Eltschinger and Johann Heiss, 528-545. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110597745-027
Scheid, Bernhard, Der Eine und Einzige Weg der Götter Yoshida Kanetomo und die Erfindung des Shinto, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001.
Schminck, Andreas, “Zur Einzelgesetzgebung der „makedonischen“ Kaiser“. Fontes Minores 11 (2005): 269-323. https://doi.org/10.26015/adwdocs-184
Shively, Donald H., and William H. McCullough, “Introduction”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 1-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Sigl, Michael, et al., “Timing and Climate Forcing of Volcanic Eruptions for the Past 2,500 Years”. Nature 523 (2015): 543-549. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565
Simeonov, Grigori, “The Harbour and Landing Stages of Hebdomon” in The Byzantine Harbours of Constantinople, ed. Falko Daim and Ewald Kislinger, 181-198. Heidelberg: Propylaeum, 2022. https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.911.c12074
Sôma, Mitsuru and Kiyotaka Tanikawa, “Reliability of Eclipse Records in Japanese Ancient Periods”, 2014, online: https://www2.nao.ac.jp/~mitsurusoma/WS2014/soma.pdf
Stenchikov, Georgiy, “The role of volcanic activity in climate and global changes”, in Climate Change. Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, ed. Trevor M. Letcher, 607-643. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821575-3.00029-3
Stephenson, Paul, The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Sukhodolov, Timofei et al, “Atmospheric impacts of the strongest known solar particle storm of 775 AD”. Science Report 7 (2017): 45257. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45257
Summerhayes, Colin P., Palaeoclimatology. From Snowball Earth to the Anthropocene, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2020
Takeuchi, Rizo, “The rise of the warriors”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 644-710. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Teall, John L., “The Grain Supply of the Byzantine Empire, 330–1025”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13 (1959): 87-139. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291130
Telelis, Ioannis G., Μετεωρολογικά φαινόμενα και κλίμα στο Βυζάντιο, 2 vols., Athens: Academy of Athens, 2004.
The Correspondence of Leo, Metropolitan of Synada and Syncellus, ed. and transl. Martha P. Vinson, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 23,Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985.
The Life of St. Basil the Younger. Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Moscow Version by Denis F. Sullivan, Alice-Mary Talbot, and Stamatina McGrath, Washington, D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2014.
Theophanes Continuatus, ed. Immanuel Bekker, Theophanes continuatus, Joannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus, Bonn: Eduard Weber, 1838.
Usoskin, Ilya G., “A History of Solar Activity over Millennia”, Living Reviews in Solar Physics 20:2 (2023): https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-023-00036-z
van Opstall, Emilie and Maria Tomadaki, “John Geometres: a Poet around the Year 1000” in A Companion to Byzantine Poetry, ed. Wolfram Hörandner, Andreas Rhoby, and Nikolaos Zagklas, 191-211. Leiden: Brill, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004392885_010
von Verschuer, Charlotte, Rice, Agriculture, and the Food Supply in Premodern Japan, London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
Weinstein, Stanley, “Aristocratic Buddhism”, in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2: Heian Japan, ed. Donald H. Shively, and William H. McCullough, 449-516. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Wieser, Veronika, and Vincent Eltschinger, “Introduction: Approaches to Medieval Cultures of Eschatology”, in Cultures of Eschatology, ed. Veronika Wieser, Vincent Eltschinger and Johann Heiss, 1-22. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110597745-004
Wilson, Graham Philip, Candidates for historical supernovae and their comparison against known Chinese records, MA-Thesis, Durham University, 2003, online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3130/
Wozniak, Thomas, Naturereignisse im frühen Mittelalter. Das Zeugnis der Geschichtsschreibung vom 6. bis 11. Jahrhundert, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020.
Xoplaki, Elena, et al., “The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Byzantium: A review of the evidence on climatic fluctuations, economic performance and societal change”. Quaternary Science Reviews 136 (2016): 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.004
Xu, Chenxi, et al., “Tree-ring oxygen isotope across monsoon Asia: Common signal and local influence”. Quaternary Science Reviews 269 (2021): 107156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107156
Yamada, Kazuyoshi, et al., “Late Holocene monsoonal-climate change inferred from Lakes Ni-no-Megata and San-no-Megata, northeastern Japan”. Quaternary International 220 (2010): 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.09.006
Yiengpruksawan, Mimi, “Countdown to 1051. Some Preliminary Thoughts on the Periodization of the Buddhist Eschaton in Heian and Liao” in Texts and Transformations. Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Victor H. Mair, ed. Haun Saussy, 369-434. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press, 2018.
Yiengpruksawan, Mimi, “The Eyes of Michinaga in the Light of Pure Land Buddhism” in The Presence of Light. Divine Radiance and Religious Experience, ed. Matthew T. Kapstein, 227-261. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Zhang, Jingwei, et al., “Modulation of centennial-scale hydroclimate variations in the middle Yangtze River Valley by the East Asian-Pacific pattern and ENSO over the past two millennia”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 576 (2021): 117220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117220
Zhang, Ling, The River, the Plain, and the State: An Environmental Drama in Northern Song China, 1048–1128, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Zhang, Zhenqiu, et al., “Evidence of ENSO signals in a stalagmite-based Asian monsoon record during the medieval warm period”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 584 (2021): 110714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110714
Article download
Crossmark
