Eficacia de procesamiento de los entrañamientos y de las implicaturas conversacionales generalizadas: la lógica deductiva y la lógica por defecto
- Juan Carlos Tordera Yllescas Universitat de València. Grup GIEL https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-4180
Abstract
This work aims to study the processing differences that occur between deductive logic and default logic. Since the entailments are based on deductive logic and generalised conversational implicatures (GCI) are built from the default logic, two questionnaires were proposed to collect the processing efficiency expressed as the number of hits per minute. The data collected shows that there is a significant difference in the processing of entailments and ICGs: entailments are processed more efficiently than ICGs and, therefore, it is concluded that the default logic requires greater cognitive effort.
Downloads
References
Andrés-Roqueta Clara y Napoleon Katsos (2017). The contribution of grammar, vocabulary and theory of mind in pragmatic language competence in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Psychology (8), 996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00996.
Asher, Nicholas y Alex Lascarides (2003). Logics of conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Atlas, Jay David (2004). Presupposition. En Horn, L. R. y Ward, G. (ed.), The Handbook of Pragmatics, Oxford: Blackwell, 29-52.
Acero Fernández, Juan José (1993). Lenguaje y filosofía. Barcelona: Octaedro.
Anderson, Alan Ross y Nuel Belnap (1975). Entailment: the logic of relevance and necessity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bach, Kent (1999). The myth of conventional implicature. Linguistics and Philosophy (22), pp. 327–366. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005466020243.
Brewka, Gerhard (1994). Reasoning about priorities in default logic. En AAAI Procedings (Vol. 1994, pp. 940-945). https://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/1994/AAAI94-144.pdf.
Besnard, Philippe (2013). An introduction to default logic. Berlín: Springer Science & Business Media.
Béziau, Jean-Yves (2000). What is paraconsistent logic. Frontiers of paraconsistent logic, 95-111.
Braine, Martin D., Reiser, Brian J., y Rumain, Barbara (1984). Some empirical justification for a theory of natural propositional logic. En Psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 18. Nueva York y Londres: Academic Press, 313-371
Bustos Guadaño, Eduardo (2006). Filosofía del lenguaje. Madrid: UNED.
Cann, Ronnie (1993). Formal Semantics. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press.
Carnap, Rudolf (1947). Meaning and Necessity. A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Carston, Robyn (1995). Quantity maxims and generalised implicature, Lingua, 96, 213-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(95)00016-S.
Eiteljoerge, Sarah F.V., Nausicaa Pouscoulous y Elena V.M. Lieven (2018). Some Pieces Are Missing: Implicature Production in Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.
Evans, Jonathan S. B. (1984). Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning. British Journal of Psychology, 75(4), 451-468.
Evans, Jonathan S. B. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(3), 378-395.
Chierchia, Gennaro, Maria Teresa Guasti, Andrea Gualmini, Luisa Meroni, Stephen Crain y Francesca Foppolo (2004). Semantic and pragmatic competence in children’s and adults’ comprehension of or. En Experimental pragmatics. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 283-300.
Chierchia, Gennaro y Sally McConell-Ginet (2000). Meaning and grammar. An Introduction to Semantics. Massachusetts: MIT press.
da Costa, Newton C., Décio Krause y Otávio Bueno (2007). Paraconsistent logics and paraconsistency. En Gabbay, Dov M., Paul Thagard y John Woods, ed., Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Logic. Ámsterdam: North-Holland. 791-911
Deaño, Alfredo (1996). Introducción a la lógica formal. Madrid: Alianza.
Domaneschi, Filippo (2016). Presuppositions and Cognitive Processes: Understanding the Information Taken for Granted. Dordrecht: Springer.
Dowty, David R., Robert E. Wall y Stanley Peters (1981). Introduction to Montague Semantics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dunn, J. Michael y Greg Restall (2002). Relevance logic. En Gabbay, Dov y Franz Guenthner, ed. Handbook of philosophical logic (Vol. 6). Dordrecht: Springer, 1-128
Filippova, Eva y Janet Wilde Astington (2008). Further development in social reasoning revealed in discourse irony understanding. Children Development,79, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01115.x.
Feiman, Roman, Joshua K. Hartshorne, y David Barner (2019). Contrast and Entailment: Abstract logical relations constrain how 2-and 3-year-old children interpret unknown numbers. Cognition, 183, 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.11.005.
Fischer, Hans Rudi (2001). Abductive reasoning as a way of worldmaking. Foundations of science, 6(4), 361-383.
Foppolo, Francesca, Maria Teresa Guasti y Gennaro Chierchia. 2012. «Scalar implicatures in child language: Give children a chance». Language learning and development, 8(4), 365-394.
Gamut, L. T. F. (1991). Logic, Language and Meaning. Vol. II: Intensional Logic and Logical Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
García Madruga, Juan Antonio (2006). Comprensión de textos y pensamiento: resolución de problemas, razonamiento y adquisición de conocimientos disciplinares. En Juan Antonio García Madruga, Lectura y Conocimiento, Cap. 8. Madrid: Paidós-UNED.
García-Madruga, Juan Antonio (2012). El razonamiento deductivo en la adolescencia: memoria operativa y procesos ejecutivo. En García Madruga, Juan Antonio, Kohen, Raquel, Barrio, Cristina, Enesco, Ileana, Linaza Iglesias, José Luis, Construyendo mentes. Ensayos en homenaje a Juan Delval (págs. 101-122). UNED.
García-Madruga, Juan Antonio, Nuria Carriedo y María José González-Labra (2000). Mental models in reasoning. Madrid: UNED.
García-Madruga, Juan Antonio, Sergio Moreno, Nuria Carriedo, Francisco Gutiérrez y Philip N. Johnson-Laird (2001). Are conjunctive inferences easier than disjunctive inferences? A comparison of rules and models. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54(2), 613-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755974.
Garrido, Manuel (1995). Lógica simbólica. Madrid: Tecnos.
Garrido Medina, Joaquín (1988). Lógica y Lingüística. Madrid: Síntesis.
Gazdar, Gerald (1979). Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupoosition, and Logical Form. Nueva York y Londres: Academic Press.
Giles, Robin (1976). Łukasiewicz logic and fuzzy set theory. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 8(3), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(76)80003-X.
González Labra, María José (2019). Psicología del razonamiento. En M. J. González Labra, Psicología del pensamiento, Madrid: Sanz y Torres. 23-53
Grice, H. Paul (1975). Logic and conversation. En P. Cole y J.L. Morgan, Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. Nueva York y Londres: Academic Press, 41-58.
Happé, Francesca G. (1993). Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: a test of relevance theory. Cognition 48, 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R.
Harman, Gilbert (1965). The inference to the best explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1):88- 95. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183532.
Harman, Gilbert (1968). Knowledge, inference and explanation. American Philosophical Quarterly, 5(3):164–173, 196
Hobbs, Jerry R., y Robert C. Moore (1985). Formal theories of the commonsense world. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Huang, Yi Ting y Jesse Snedeker (2009). Semantic meaning and pragmatic interpretation in 5-year-olds: Evidence from real-time spoken language comprehension. Developmental psychology, 45(6): 17-23.
Johnson, Adrienne y Utako Minai (2016). Children’s knowledge of structure-dependent semantic interactions between logical words, Language Acquisition, 23 (4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2016.1187611.
Johnson-Laird, Philip N., y Ruth M. Byrne (1991). Deduction. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Kahneman, Daniel y Frederick, Shane (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. En T. Gilovich, D. Griffin and D. Kahneman (eds), Heuristics of Intuitive Judgment: Extensions and Applications. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. 81-110.
Kapitan, Tomis (1992). Peirce and the autonomy of abductive reasoning. Erkenntnis, 37(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00220630.
Karttunen, Lauri (1971). Implicative verbs. Language (47), pp. 340–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/412084.
Karttunen, Lauri (1973). Presuppositions of compound sentences. Linguistic Inquiry 4(2). pp. 169–193.
Karttunen, Lauri (1974). Presupposition and linguistic context. Theoretical linguistics, 1(1-3), pp. 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1515/thli.1974.1.1-3.181.
Katsos, Napoleon, Chris Cummins, Maria-José Ezeizabarrena, Anna Gavarró, Jelena Kuvač Kraljević, Gordana Hrzica, Kleanthes K. Grohmann, Athina Skordi, Kristine Jensen de López, Lone Sundahl, Angeliek van Hout, Bart Hollebrandse, Jessica Overweg, Myrthe Faber, Margreet van Koert, Nafsika Smith, Maigi Vija, Sirli Zupping, Sari Kunnari, Tiffany Morisseau, Manana Rusieshvili, Kazuko Yatsushiro, Anja Fengler, Spyridoula Varlokosta, Katerina Konstantzou, Shira Farby, Maria Teresa Guasti, Mirta Vernice, Reiko Okabe, Miwa Isobe, Peter Crosthwaite, Yoonjee Hong, Ingrida Balčiūnienė, Yanti Marina Ahmad Nizar, Helen Grech, Daniela Gatt, Win Nee Cheong, Arve Asbjørnsen, Janne von Koss Torkildsen, Ewa Haman, Aneta Miękisz, Natalia Gagarina, Julia Puzanova, Darinka Anđelković, Maja Savić, Smiljana Jošić, Daniela Slančová, Svetlana Kapalková, Tania Barberán, Duygu Özge, Saima Hassan, Cecilia Yuet Hung Chan, Tomoya Okubo, Heather van der Lely, Uli Sauerland, e Ira Noveck Cross-linguistic patterns in the acquisition of quantifiers. (2016). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9244-9249. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601341113.
Katsos, Napoleon, Clara Andrés-Roqueta, Rosa Ana Clemente Estevan y Chris Cummins (2011). Are children with Specific Language Impairment competent with the pragmatics and logic of quantification?. Cognition (119), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.004.
Khetrapal, Neha y Rosalind Thornton (2017). C-Command in the Grammars of Children with High Functioning Autism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00402 .
Klir, George, y Bo Yuan (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. Nueva Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Levinson, Stephen (1989 [1983]). Pragmática. Barcelona: Teide
Levinson, Stephen (2004 [2000]). Significados presumibles. La teoría de la implicatura conversacional generalizada. Gredos.
Mares, Edwin D. (1996). Relevant logic and the theory of information. Synthese, 109(3), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413865.
Mares, Edwin y Robert K. Meyer (2001). Relevant Logics, en Lou Goble (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.
Mares, Edwin D., y Robert Goldblatt (2006). An alternative semantics for quantified relevant logic. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 71 (1), 163-187. https://doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1140641167.
Mervis, Carolyn B., y Eleanor Rosch (1981). Categorization of natural objects. Annual review of psychology, 32(1), 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513.
Montague, Richard (1973). The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English. En Hintikka, K. J. J., Moravcsik, J. M. E., Suppes, P., Approaches to natural language. Dordrecht: Springer, 221-242.
Moore, Robert C. (1985). Semantical considerations on nonmonotonic logic. Artificial Intelligence, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(85)90042-6.
Noveck, Ira A. (2001). When Children are More Logical Than Adults: Experimental Investigations of Scalar Implicature, Cognition 78: 165–188.
Paavola, Sami (2004). Abduction Through Grammar, Critic, and Methodeutic, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 40 (2), pp. 245–270.
Pastor-Cerezuela, Gemma, Juan Carlos Tordera Yllescas, Francisco González-Sala, Maite Montagut-Asunción y M. Inmaculada Fernández-Andrés (2018). Comprehension of generalized conversational implicatures by children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 272.
Peña, Lorenzo (1984). Tres enfoques en lógica paraconsistente (II). Contextos, (4), 49-72.
Perrault, C. Raymond (1990). An application of default logic to speech act theory. En Cohen, P.R., Morgan, J. y Pollack, M. A., Intentions in communication. Massachusetts: MIT press, 161-186.
Pijnacker, Judith, Peter Hagoort, Jan Buitelaar, Jan-Pieter Teunisse y Bart Geurts (2009). Pragmatic inferences in high-functioning adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. Jorunal of Autism and Development Disorder, 39, 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0661-8.
Pons Bordería, Salvador (2004). Conceptos y aplicaciones de la Teoría de la Relevancia. Madrid: Arco-Libros.
Potts, Christopher (2015). Presupposition and implicature. En S. Lappin y C. Fox (eds.) The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Wiley-Blackwell Handbook. 168-202.
Pouscoulous, Nausicaa, Ira A. Noveck, Guy Politzer y Anne Bastide (2007). A developmental investigation of processing costs in implicature production. Language Acquisition. 14: 347–375.
Priest, Graham, y Richard Routley (1984). Introduction: paraconsistent logics. Studia Logica, 43(1-2), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00935736.
Quieroz, Joao y Floyd Merrell (2005). Abduction: Between Subjectivity and Objectivity, Semiotica, 153 (1/4), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2005.2005.153-1-4.1
Reiter, Raymond (1980). A logic for default reasoning. Artificial intelligence, 13(1-2), 81-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90014-4.
Reyes, Graciela (1995). El abecé de la pragmática. Arco-Libros.
Rivadulla, Andrés (2015). Abduction in observational and in theoretical sciences. Some examples of IBE in palaeontology and in cosmology. Revista de Filosofía, 4(2):143–152. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RESF.2015.v40.n2.50060
Rivadulla, Andrés (2016). Abduction and Beyond. Methodological and Computational Aspects of Creativity in Natural Sciences. FLAP, 3(1), 105-122.
Rips, Lance J. (1994). The psychology of proof: Deductive reasoning in human thinking. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Rosch, Eleanor H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive psychology, 4(3), 328-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90017-0.
Rosch, Eleanor y Carolyn B. Mervis (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive psychology, 7(4), 573-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90024-9.
Rosch, Eleanor, Carolyn B. Mervis, Wayne D. Gray, David M. Johnson y Penny Boyes-Braem (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive psychology, 8(3), 382-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-X.
Routley, F. Richard y Robert K. Meyer (1972a). The Semantics of Entailment II, Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1, 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00649991.
Routley, F. Richard y Roberd K. Meyer (1972b). The Semantics of Entailment III, Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1, 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-237X(08)71541-6.
Routley, F. Richard y Robert K. Meyer (1973). The Semantics of Entailment (I), En Leblanc, H. (ed.), Truth, Syntax and Modality. Ámsterdam: North Holland. 199–243.
Santamaría, C. (1995). Un análisis del razonamiento. En Mario Carretero, Julián Almaraz Carretero, Pablo Fernández Berrocal (ed.), Razonamiento y comprensión. Madrid: Trotta, 47-58.
Schaeken, Walter, Maire Van Haeren y Valentina Bambini. 2018. The understanding of scalar implicatures in children with autism spectrum disorder: dichotomized responses to violations of informativeness. Frontiers in psychology, 9: 1266. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01266.
Simon, Herbert A (1992). Scientific discovery as problem solving. International Sudies in the Philosophy of Science, 6(1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02698599208573403.
Schneider, Walter y Shiffrin, Richard M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological review, 84(2), 127.
Sperber, Dan y Deirdre Wilson (1994 [1986]). La Relevancia. Madrid: Visor.
Spotorno, Nicola, Eric Koun, Jerôme Prado, Jean-Baptiste Van Der Henst e Ira Noveck (2012). Neural evidence that utterance-processing entails mentalizing: the case of irony. Neuroimage, 63, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.046.
Stanovich, Keith E. (2010). The robot's rebellion. University of Chicago press.
Stilgenbauer, Jean-Louis, y Jean Baratgin (2019). Assessing the accuracy of diagnostic probability estimation: Evidence for defeasible modus ponens. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 105, 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2018.11.015.
Wason, P. C. (1968). Reasoning about a rule. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 20(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640746808400161.
Whyte, Elisabeth M y Keith E. Nelson (2015). Trajectories of pragmatic and nonliteral language development in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders, 54: 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.01.001.
Zadeh, Lofti A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
Zadeh, Lofti A. (1988). Fuzzy logic. Computer, 21(4), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.53.
Zadeh, Lofti A. (2008). Is there a need for fuzzy logic? Information sciences, 178(13), 2751-2779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2008.02.012.
Article download
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
