Predisposing and triggering factors of gender-based violence in university youth: a systematic review of the literature over the last 20 years

Abstract

Introduction. The patriarchal system is present in all spheres of society. In Spain, the approval of Organic Law 1/2004 marked a historical moment in addressing gender-based violence. Aim. This research aims to identify predisposing and triggering factors associated with gender-based violence among university youth. Methodology. A Systematic Literature Review was designed by searching primary studies in WoS, Scopus, Dialnet and DOAJ. The search chain used was: "Violence and (gender or sexist) and students and (university or college or higher education)". The time frame was set from 2004 to the present to trace the impact of this Organic Law on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender-Based Violence. From the initial mapping of 4426 documents, 91 were selected for their quality and focus on investigating gender-based violence in intimate partner relationships. Of these 91 studies, 34 were conducted in Spain, highlighting the growing scientific concern. Results. Five predisposing factors (patriarchal culture, normalization of violence, history of violence, stereotypes and peer pressure, and lack of gender equality education) and five triggering factors (alcohol and substance use, psychological distress and academic trajectories, jealousy in relationships, challenges in the transition to adulthood, and the influence of social networks and technology) were scientifically identified as related to gender-based violence. The proliferation of studies and instruments developed in the last five years stands out. Conclusions. The lack of education in gender equality is the main predisposing factor. The reported prevalence highlights the need to investigate the beliefs and experiences of youth regarding gender-based violence, as the technological influence trigger is continually evolving, requiring in-depth knowledge of this reality.