Digital media and social network X in light of Law 4/2023: hate speech and inclusion of trans people in Spain

Abstract

Despite advances in LGBTIQ+ rights in Spain, especially following the approval of Law 4/2023 of 28 February on real and effective equality for trans people and the guarantee of LGBTIQ+ rights, hate speech towards this group continues to be a reality. This research analyses the news published by the main Spanish newspapers during the processing and approval of the so-called ‘Trans Law’. To gauge public reaction, critical discourse analysis was applied to the comments generated on the official profiles of these media outlets on social network X. The findings show that some media outlets adopt informative frameworks that, while claiming neutrality, contain significant biases, while others maintain an openly hostile stance towards the rights of LGBTIQ+ people. A significant volume of comments denying the identity and rights of trans people was identified in the social audience, as well as hate speech facilitated by the anonymity of social media. The analysis reveals a media and digital environment that contributes to the reproduction of stigmatising narratives about trans people. These results underscore the need to promote responsible reporting practices that counteract the spread of hate in contemporary public spaces.