¿Fluye la tendencia monocrática en el sur de Europa?Una comparación entre España e Italia
- Fortunato Musella Universidad de Napoles Federico II
- Raffaella Fittipaldi Universidad de Napoles Federico II
Resumen
En el texto se mostrará el desarrollo de una tendencia monocrática en España y Italia gracias al uso de variables como la fragmentación y la polarización, la iniciativa legislativa y el uso de decretos de gobierno. Estos aspectos aquí se analizan en un marco de doble personalización que ve este fenómeno interpenetrando tanto el frente institucional como el de la sociedad civil. A través del análisis se llega a la conclusión que a medida que aumentan la fragmentación y la polarización de las asambleas legislativas, el ejecutivo y sobre todo su presidente adquieren una primacía. Un cambio de paradigma en el cual hoy el “principio monocrático” parece prevalecer sobre el principio “colegiado”.
Descargas
Citas
Ackerman, B. (2000). “New Separation of Powers”, Harvard Law Review, 113: 633-725.
Amoretti, F., Fittipaldi R., Santaniello M. (forthcoming). “Poteri monocratici e comunicazione politica ai tempi della pandemia: dal governo Conte II al governo Draghi”, en Comunicazione Politica, n°3.
Anduiza, E., Bosch, A., Orriols, L. y Rico, G. (coord.) (2014). Elecciones Generales 2011. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas.
Balmas M., Rahat G., Sheafer T., Shenhav Shaul R. (2014). “Two routes to personalized politics: Centralized and decentralized personalization”, en Party Politics, 20 (1): 37-51.
Barber, M., McCarty, N. (2015). “Causes and consequences of polarization”, Mansbridge J. y Martin C.J. (coord.). Political negotiation: A Handbook. New York: Brookings, pp. 39-43.
Bargsted, M., Torcal, M. (2015). “Explicando la confianza política: ¿economía o política?”, en Desafección política y gobernabilidad : el reto político. Madrid: Marcial Pons Ediciones Jurídicas y Sociales.
Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.
Blondel, J., y Cotta, M. (coord.) (2000). The nature of party government: a comparative European perspective. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Blondel, J., y Thiébault, J.L. (coord.) (2009). Political leadership, parties and citizens: the personalisation of leadership. London: Routledge.
Boin, A., Hart, P.T., van Esch, F. (2012). “Political leadership in times of crisis: comparing leaderresponses to financial turbulence”, L. Helms (coord.), Comparative Political Leadership. London: PalgraveMacmillan.
Boin, A., McConnell, A., Hart, P. (2021). “Governing the pandemic: the politics of navigating a mega-crisis”. Cham: Palgrave.
Bolgherini, S., Musella, F. (2006). “Le primarie in Italia: ancora e soltanto personalizzazione della politica”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio elettorale, 55: 219-239.
Bolgherini, S., Musella, F. (2007). “Voto di preferenza e «politica personale»: la personalizzazione alla prova delle elezioni regionali”, Quaderni di scienza politica, 14, (2); 87-117.
Bosco, A. (2019). “Dalla stabilità all’epidemia governativa: il caso della Spagna”, Abenante D. “Democrazie difficili” in Europa, Asia, Nord Africa e Medio Oriente: competizione partitica, conflitti e democratizzazione. Università di Trieste: EUT Edizioni.
Bosco, A., y Verney, S. (2012). “Electoral epidemic: The political cost of economic crisis in Southern Europe, 2010-11”, South European society and politics, 17 (2): 129-154.
Bowler, S. (2000). “Parties in legislature: Two competing explanations”, en Dalton R.J. y Wattenberg M.P. (coord.). Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bracciale, R., Andretta, M., Martella, A. (2021), “Does populism go viral? How Italian leaders engage citizens through social media”, Information, Communication & Society: 1-18.
Calise, M. (2005). “Presidentialization, Italian style”, Poguntke, T., Webb, P. (coord.). The presidentialization of politics. A comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Calise, M. (2006). La rerza Repubblica: partiti contro presidenti. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Calise, M. (2011). “Personalisation of Power”, Badie B., Berg-Schlosser D., Morlino L. (coord.). International encyclopedia of Political Science. Los Angeles: Sage.
Calise, M. (2016). La democrazia del leader. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Calise, M. (2000). Il partito personale: I due corpi del leader. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Calise, M., Musella, F. (2019). Il principe digitale. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Caprara, G.V., Zimbardo, P.G. (2004). “Personalizing politics: a congruency model of political preference”, en American psychologist, 59 (7): 581-594.
Carmines, E.G., Fowler, M. (2017). “The temptation of executive authority: How increased polarization and the decline in legislative capacity have contributed to the expansion of presidential power”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 24 (2): 369-398.
Casal Bértoa, F. (2021). “Database on WHO GOVERNS in Europe and beyond, PSGo”. Available at: whogoverns.eu.
Casal Bertoa, F., Rama, J. (2021). “Polarization: what do we know and what can we do about it?”, Frontiers in Political Science, 3.
Celotto, A. (1997). L'abuso del decreto-legge. Vol. I - Profili teorici evoluzione storica e analisi morfologica, Padova: Cedam.
Cerruto, M., Facello C. (2014). “Il cambiamento dei partiti tradizionali al tempo dell’antipolitica”, Quaderni di Sociologia, 65: 75-96.
Chiaramonte, A., Emanuele, V. (2017). “Party system volatility, regeneration and de-institutionalization in Western Europe (1945-2015)”, Party Politics, 23 (4): 376-388.
Cordero, G., Montero, J.R. (2015). “Against bipartyism, towards dealignment? The 2014 European election in Spain”, en South European Society and Politics, 20 (3): 357-379.
Cormacain, R., Bar-Siman-Tov, I. (2020). “Legislatures in the Time of Covid-19”, The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 8 1(-2): 11-48.
Costa Lobo, M., Curtice, J. (coord.) (2014). Personality politics? The role of leader evaluations in democratic elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Criscitiello, A. (2020). “Il potere normativo del Presidente del Consiglio in Italia”, Musella F. (coord.). L'emergenza democratica. Presidenti, decreti, crisi pandemica. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica.
Dalton, R.J. (2021). “Modeling ideological polarization in democratic party systems”, en Electoral Studies, 72: 102-146.
Dalton, R.J., Wattenberg, P.M. (2002). Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Dassonneville, R., Hooghe, M. (2017). Economic indicators and electoral volatility: economic effects on electoral volatility in Western Europe, 1950-2013, Comparative European Politics, 15 (6): 919-943.
De Micheli, C. y Fragnelli, V. (2019). “Governability, fragmentation and normative production: a comparative analysis in six european democracies”, Poliarchie/Polyar-chies, 1 (2): 45-74.
de la Iglesia A. (1997). El goberno por decreto. Pamplona: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra.
De Micheli, C. (2020). “The Italian XVIII legislature: populism, law-making and procedures”, Italian Political Science, 15 (2): 191-208.
Dell’Atti, L., Naglieri, G. (2020). “Le fonti della crisi. Fra esigenze unitarie e garanzie costituzionali nel governo dell’emergenza da Covid-19”, BioLaw Journal-Rivista di BioDiritto, 20: 135-143.
Duverger, M. (1974). La monarchie républicaine ou comment les démocraties se donnent des rois, Paris: Robert Laffont.
Elgie R., Passarelli G. (2019). “Presidentialisation: One Term, Two Uses – Between Deductive Exercise and Grand Historical Narrative”, Political Studies Review, 17: 115-123.
Elia, L. (1970). “Governo (forme di)”, Enciclopedia del diritto, Vol. XIX, Milano: Giuffrè.
Elia, L. (2006). “La presidenzializzazione della politica”, Teoria politica, 1: 5-11.
Fabbrini, S. (1993). Il presidenzialismo americano. Governare gli Stati Uniti. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Fabbrini, S., Vassallo, S. (1999). Il governo. Gli esecutivi nelle democrazie contemporanee. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Fernández Riquelme S. (2020). “Primera Historia de la crisis del Coronavirus en España”, La Razón Histórica, 46:12-22.
Fernández Rodríguez, J.J. (2020). “Cuestiones constitucionales sobre el estado de alarma en España y la pandemia del Covid-19”, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, 43: 1-23.
Ferreira Rubio, D., Goretti, M. (1998). “When the president governs alone: The decretazo in Argentina, 1989-93”, Carey J.M. y Shugart M.S. (coord.). Executive decree authority, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ferrín, M., Kriesi, H. (coord.) (2016). How Europeans view and evaluate democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fittipaldi, R. (2020). “Il Presidente del governo in Spagna. In bilico tra norma e prassi”, Musella F. (coord.). L’emergenza democratica. Presidenti, decreti, crisi pandemica. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica.
Fittipaldi, R. (2021). “The Rise of Presidents in Coronavirus Emergency: national and sub-national evidences in Italy and Spain”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 14 (1): 132-151.
Foley, M. (1993). The rise of the British presidency. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Franklin, M., Mackie T., Valen, H., (coord.) (1992). Electoral change: responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frosini, E. (2019). “L’espansione dei poteri normativi dell’esecutivo”, Musella, F. (coord.). Il governo in Italia. Profili costituzionali e dinamiche politiche. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Garzia, D. (2019). Personalization of politics and electoral change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gerbaudo, P. (2019). “The age of the hyperleader: When political leadership meets social media celebrity”, en New Stateman, 12 march 2019.
Ginsburg, T., Versteeg, M. (2020). “The bound executive: Emergency powers during the pandemic”, International Journal of Constitutional Law: 1-56.
Griglio, E. (2020). “Parliamentary oversight under the Covid-19 emergency: striving against executive dominance”, en The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 8 (1-2): 49-70.
Hatcher W. (2020). “A failure of political communication not a failure of bureaucracy: The danger of presidential misinformation during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, en The American Review of Public Administration, 50 (6-7); 614-620.
Hazan, R.Y. (2003). “Does cohesion equal discipline. towards a conceptual delineation”, Journal of Legislative Studies (special issue on cohesion and discipline in legislatures), 9 (4): 1-11.
Heffernan, R. (2003). “Prime ministerial predominance? Core executive politics in the UK”, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 5 (3): 347-372.
Helms L. (2005). Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive leadership in western democracies. London: Palgrave.
Hernández Lafuente, A. y Laiz Castro, C. (2017). Atlas de elecciones y partidos políticos en España (1977-2016). Madrid: Síntesis.
Hernández, E., Kriesi, H. (2016). “The electoral consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe”, en European Journal of Political Research, 55 (2): 203-224.
Hino, A. (2012). New challenger parties in Western Europe: a comparative analysis. London: Routledge.
Ibrido R. (2020), “Alla ricerca della “giusta distanza”: il formato tecnologico dei lavori parlamentari in Italia e in Spagna durante la crisi pandemica”, Il Filangieri, Quaderno, pp. 77-102.
Ignazi, P. (2020). “The four knights of intra-party democracy: A rescue for party delegitimation”, en Party Politics, 26 (1):. 9-20.
Johansson, K.M., Tallberg, J. (2010). “Explaining chief executive empowerment: european union summitry and domestic institutional change”, West European Politics, 33 (2): 208-236.
Johansson, K.M., y Tapio R. (2010). “Organizing the core executive for European Union affairs: Comparing Finland and Sweden”, Public Administration, 88: 649-664.
Karvonen, L. (2010). The personalisation of politics. A study of parliamentary democracies. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Katz, R.S., Mair, P. (1993). “The evolution of party organizations in Europe: the three faces of party organization”, American Review of Politics, 14: 593-617.
Lanzone, M.E. (2015). Il MoVimento Cinque Stelle: Il popolo di Grillo dal web al Parlamento. Milano: Edizioni Epoké.
Lash, C. (1979). The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations. New York: Norton.
Laver, M.J., Laver, M., Shepsle, K.A. (1996). Making and breaking governments: Cabinets and legislatures in parliamentary democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leuchtenburg, W.E. (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the new deal, 1932-1940. New York: Harper and Row.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lowi, T. (1985). The personal president. Power invested, promise unfulfilled. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lowi, T.J. (1979). The end of liberalism: The Second Republic of the US. New York: Norton and Co.
Lucardie, P. (2000). “Prophets, purifiers and prolocutors: Towards a theory on the emergence of new parties”, Party Politics, 6 (2): 175-185.
Lupo, N. (2020). “Il parlamento nell’emergenza pandemica, tra rischio di auto-emarginazione e “finestra di opportunità””, Luppolis V. y Lupo N. (coord.). Il Parlamento nell’emergenza pandemica, il Filangieri, Quaderno 2020, pp. 145-166.
Mainwaring, S, Gervasoni, C, España, A (2015). Extra and within-system electoral volatility. Paper presented at the Workshop on Party System Stability and Electoral Volatility: Its Measurement and Implications”, Conference, Nottingham, UK, 26-27 February.
Mair, P. (2013). Ruling the void: The hollowing of Western democracy. New York: Verso Trade.
McAllister, I. (2007). “The personalization of politics”, Dalton R.J. y Klingemann H.D. The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McGregor, S. (2020). “‘Taking the Temperature of the Room’: How Political Campaigns Use Social Media to Understand and Represent Public Opinion”, en Public Opinion Quarterly, nº 84, S1, pp. 236-256.
Montero, J.R., Gunther R. y Torcal, M. (1997). “Democracy in Spain: legitimacy, discontent and dissatisfaction”, en Studies in Contemporary International Development, 32 (3): 124-160.
Montero, J.R., Zmerli S. y Newton, K. (2008). “Confianza social, confianza política y satisfacción con la democrazia”, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 122: 11-54.
Morlino, L., Raniolo, F. (2018). Come la crisi economica cambia la democrazia: tra insoddisfazione e protesta. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Musella F. (2018). Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Musella F. (2020a). L’emergenza democratica. Presidenti, decreti, crisi pandemica. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica.
Musella F. (2020b). “Il governo in Italia e Spagna. Regole, prassi e convenzioni costituzionali”, Diritto Pubblico Europeo Rassegna online, (http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/dperonline/article/view/6715/7776).
Musella F. (2020c). “Le elezioni americane? Si decidono sul Web”, en InsideUSA2020, (https://insideusa2020.medium.com/le-elezioni-americane-si-decidono-sulweb-43a3de72fbc1).
Musella, F. (2012). Il Premier diviso. Italia tra presidenzialismo e parlamentarismo. Milano: Bocconi.
Musella, F. (forthcoming). Monocratic government: The impact of personalisation on democratic regimes. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Musella, F., Webb, P., (coord.) (2015). “The personal leader in contemporary party politics”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica/Italian Political Science, 45, 3.
Pastore F. (2020). “Emergenza Covid e dinamiche dei rapporti tra Governo, maggioranze e minoranze”, Rivista Dirittifondamentali.it, 03/06/2020.
Pérez Francesch J. L. (2020). “El liderazgopolítico y la preeminencia institucional del presidente del gobierno en el marco de la competencia gubernamental de dirección de la política”, López Guerra, L.M., Blanco Valdés R.L., Pérez Francesch J.L., Monreal Ferrer A.L. (coord.). División de poderes: elgobierno. Barcelona: UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
Pérez-Agote, A. (2017). “La crisis de la esfera política española y los nuevos actores políticos”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 47 (2): 101-120.
Pinto, A.C., Cotta M. y Almeida P.T. (coord.) (2017). Technocratic ministers and political leadership in European democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pious, R.M. (1979). The American Presidency. New York: Basic Books.
Poguntke, T., Webb, P. (coord.) (2005). The presidentialization of politics: A comparative study of modern democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pomed Sànchez L. (2020). “Las elecciones del 28 de abril (y 26 de mayo): reflexionessobre la forma de gobierno y sobreel sistema de partidos”, Diritto Pubblico Europeo Rassegna online, (http://www.rmojs.unina.it/index.php/dperonline/article/view/6717/7778).
Prado, C.V. (2001). “Il presidenzialismo e il sistema parlamentare di governo in Spagna”, en Rassegna parlamentare, 43 (4): 903-923.
Protsyk, O. (2004). “Ruling with decrees: presidential decree making in Russia and Ukraine”, en Europe-Asia Studies, 56 (5); 637-660.
Rahat, G., Kenig, O. (2018). From party politics to personalized politics? Party change and political personalization in democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rahat, G., Sheafer, T. (2007). “The personalization(s) of Politics: Israel 1949-2003”, Political Communication, 24 (1): 65-80.
Ramírez, J.M.P. (1998). “Función de dirección política y potestad reglamentaria del Presidente del Gobierno, de acuerdo con la Ley 50/1997, de 27 de novembre”, Revista de administración pública, 146: 337-356.
Rodríguez-Teruel J. (2020), “Executive Politics in Spain”, Muro, D., Lago, I. The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rufai, S., Bunce, C. (2020). “World leaders' usage of Twitter in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a content analysis”, J. Public Health, 42 (3): 510-516.
Rullo, L., Nunziata, F. (forthcoming). “«Sometimes the Crisis Makes the Leader»? A Comparison of Giuseppe Conte Digital Communication Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic”, en Comunicazione Politica, n°3.
Samuels D.J., Shugart M.S. (2010). Presidents, parties, and Prime Ministers: How the separation of powers affects party organization and behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sartori, G. (1994). Ingegneria costituzionale comparata. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Sola, J., Rendueles, C. (2018). “Podemos, the upheaval of Spanish politics and the challenge of populism”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 26 (1): 99-116.
Staiano, S. (2020). “Né modello né sistema, la produzione del diritto al cospetto della pandemia”, en Rivista AIC, 2: 532-557.
Stern, E., Sundelius, B. (2002),“Crisis Management Europe: An Integrated Regional Research and Training Program”, International Studies Perspectives, 3: 71–88.
Thies, M.F. (2000). “On the primacy of party in government: Why legislative parties can survive party decline in the electorate”, Dalton R.J. y Wattenberg M.P. (coord.). Parties without partisans? Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tsebelis, G., Rasch, B.E. (2011). Governments and legislative agenda setting: an introduction. The role of governments in legislative agenda ssetting. London: Routledge.
Valbruzzi, M. (2019). Allerta rossa per l’onda verde. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Van Aelst, P., Sheafer T., Stanyer J. (2011). “The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings”, Journalism, 13 (2): 203-220.
van Biezen, I., Hopkin, J. (2005). “The personalization of Spanish democracy: Sources of prime ministerial power in post-Franco Spain”, Poguntke, T. y Webb, P. (coord.). The presidentialization of politics: a comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ventura, S. (2021). “La gestione della crisi e il meaning-making. Narrazione e manipolazione nelle conferenze stampa di Giuseppe Conte durante la pandemia del coronavirus”, Comunicazione politica, 22 (1): 19-46.
Vittori, D. (2020). “‘Membership and members’ participation in new digital parties: Bring back the people?”, Comparative European Politics, 18 (4): 609-629.
Wang C.H. (2014). “The effects of party fractionalization and party polarization on democracy”, en Party Politics, 20 (5): 687-699.
Webb, P., Poguntke, T. (2013). “The presidentialisation of politics thesis defended”, en Parliamentary Affairs, 66 (3): 646-654.
Webb, P., Poguntke, T., Kolodny, R. (2012). “The presidentialization of party leadership? evaluating party leadership and party government in the democratic world”, en Helms, L. (coord.). Comparative Political leadership. palgrave studies in political leadership series. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Descarga artículo
Crossmark
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Cuadernos de Gobierno y Administración Pública
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
La revista Cuadernos de Gobierno y Administración Pública, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
