Music and hate speech: the Spanish RAC on social networks
Abstract
In the 1990s, RAC (Rock Against Communism) groups linked to neo-Nazi ideology multiplied in Spain. This article analyzes the current spread of this Spanish subculture based on the presence on social media of two of the most well-known groups created in the 1990s, Estirpe Imperial and Batallón de Castigo, and two groups that emerged in the new millennium and are currently active, Jolly Rogers and Pugilato. Their music glorifies Spain's imperialist past, defends Spanish identity, and incites violence against those they consider "the others." This dissemination, carried out mainly by fans, gives rise to forums full of hate and hostility despite current policies to control uncivil publications and the classification of hate crimes included in the penal code.
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