Colombian education policies 2007-2023: Coverage, retention, governance and reform proposals

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the evolution of public policies for basic and secondary education in Colombia (2007–2023) and their effects on local governance, social cohesion, and the indicators of coverage, retention, dropout, and graduation. A qualitative methodology is applied through documentary analysis of official sources, development plans, public policies, and academic literature. The study examines decentralization dynamics, territorial management of educational services, and the impact of policies on key education system indicators. The findings show improvements in coverage and retention in certain regions, but also persistent inequalities linked to municipal certification levels, urban–rural segmentation, and lack of coordination between government levels. Gaps in the implementation of retention policies, weak monitoring tools, and institutional fragmentation are identified. The discussion leads to reform proposals, including early warning systems, unified data platforms, performance- and equity-based funding models, and intersectoral territorial governance strategies. The article concludes that achieving equitable and quality education requires normative reform, the strengthening of local social capital, and sustained, results-oriented investment.