The principles for the development of Artificial Intelligence in Japan and the avenues for cooperation with the European Union
- Ana Gascon Marcen Universidad de Zaragoza https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-0129
Abstract
In this paper, the principles that Japan has recently adopted to ensure that the development of Artificial Intelligence is carried out in a way that benefits people and society are assessed. These guidelines aim to promote dialogue at the international level, so the European vision as Japan's natural partner in the matter is also studied. Finally, options for cooperation between the two are proposed, to end with some brief conclusions.
Downloads
References
Allison, Graham (2019): “Is China Beating America to AI Supremacy?”, The National Interest, 22/12/2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-beating-america-ai-supremacy-106861 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Alston, Philip (2019): Informe del Relator Especial sobre la extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos a la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, 11 de octubre de 2019, A/74/493. United Nations Documents. https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=es/A/74/493 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Berkofsky, Axel (2018): The EU-Japan Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA): Good but Good Enough? Italian Institute for International Political Studies. https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/eu-japan-strategic-partnership-agreement-spa-good-good-enough-21392 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Borgesius, Frederik Zuiderveen (2018): Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Cisneros Cristóbal, Paula (2019): “El acuerdo de asociación económica entre la Unión Europea y Japón: negociación, contenido y análisis de los elementos clave”. En: Derecho y relaciones internacionales en Japón: Desde el Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegación de 1868. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, pp. 173-210.
Clarke, Roger (2019): Evaluation of the OECD's AI Guidelines. Roger Clarke's Web-Site. http://www.rogerclarke.com/EC/AI-OECDEval.html [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Davola, Antonio / Black, Emily / Gulson, Kalervo / Rockwell, Geoffrey / Selinger, Evan / Zeide, Elana (2019): Shortcut or Sleight of Hand? Why The Checklist Approach in The EU Guidelines Does Not Work. AIPulse https://aipulse.org/from-shortcut-to-sleight-of-hand-why-the-checklist-approach-in-the-eu-guidelines-does-not-work/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Delcker, Janosch (2018): Europe’s AI ethics chief: No rules yet, please. Politico.eu, 30/09/2018. https://www.politico.eu/article/pekka-ala-pietila-artificial-intelligence-europe-shouldnt-rush-to-regulate-ai-says-top-ethics-adviser/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Delcker, Janosch (2019): Finland’s grand AI experiment. Politico.eu, 01/02/19 https://www.politico.eu/article/finland-one-percent-ai-artificial-intelligence-courses-learning-training/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Digital Transformation Monitor. USA-China-EU plans for AI: where do we stand? (2018). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/dem/monitor/content/usa-china-eu-plans-ai-where-do-we-stand [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Dilsizian, Steven E. / Siegel, Eliot L. (2014): Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment. En: Current cardiology reports, Vol. 16, No 1, artículo 441.
European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (2018): “Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and ‘Autonomous’ Systems”. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea,
Fefer, Rachel F. (26 de marzo 2020): Data Flows, Online Privacy, and Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45584 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Feldstein, Steven (2019): The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/WP-Feldstein-AISurveillance_final1.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Floridi, Luciano / Cowls, Josh / Beltrametti, Monica / Chatila, Raja / Chazerand, Patrice / Dignum, Virginia / Luetge, Christoph / Madelin, Robert / Pagallo, Ugo / Rossi, Francesca / Schafer, Burkhard / Valcke Peggy / Vayena, Effy (2018): “AI4People-An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations.” En: Minds & Machines vol. 28, pp. 689–707
Gascón Marcén, Ana (2014): “Japón y el Consejo de Europa. Algunas reflexiones sobre los valores compartidos y la pena de muerte.” En: Tirado Robles, María Carmen (ed.). Japón y Occidente: estudios comparados. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, pp. 113-132.
Gascón Marcén, Ana (2016): “La nueva protección de datos personales: una mirada a Japón desde Europa”. En: Tirado Robles, María Carmen / Barberán Pelegrín, Francisco (eds.). Los derechos individuales en el ordenamiento japonés. Madrid: Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, pp. 129-148.
Gascón Marcén, Ana (2019): “Las relaciones entre Japón y la Unión Europea: pasos hacia una auténtica relación estratégica”. En: Tirado Robles, María Carmen / Barberán Pelegrín, Francisco (eds.). Derecho y relaciones internacionales en Japón: Desde el Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegación de 1868. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, pp. 211-244.
Gascón Marcén, Ana (2020): Society 5.0: EU-Japanese cooperation and the opportunities and challenges posed by the data economy. ARI 11/2020. Real Instituto Elcano, Strategic and International Studies. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari11-2020-gascon-society-5-0-eu-japanese-cooperation-and-opportunities-and-challenges-posed-by-data-economy [Consulta: 4/2/2020].
Greenleaf, Graham (2019): “G20 makes declaration of ‘Data Free Flow with Trust’: Support and Dissent”. En: 160 Privacy Laws & Business International Report, pp. 18-19. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3514407&download=yes [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019a): A definition of AI: main capabilities and disciplines. European Council. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/definition-artificial-intelligence-main-capabilities-and-scientific-disciplines [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019b): Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. European Council. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019c): Policy and investment recommendations for trustworthy AI. European Council. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/policy-and-investment-recommendations-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Hilligoss, Hannah (7 de junio 2019): Introducing the Principled Artificial Intelligence Project. Cyberlaw Clinic. Harvard Law School/ Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. https://clinic.cyber.harvard.edu/2019/06/07/introducing-the-principled-artificial-intelligence-project/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Hirai, Takuya (2019): Cooperation with America and Europe regarding “the Moonshot Research and Development Program” (Report of business trip to America and Europe, made by Mr. Takuya Hirai, Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy). Cabinet Office Government of Japan. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/moonshot/3rd/doc1-1.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Hornyak, Tim (1 de agosto 2017): Japan shakes up research funding system. Nature Index. https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/japan-shakes-up-research-funding-system [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Hudson, Richard L. (6 de noviembre 2019): Japan eyes possible €10M a year for Horizon Europe partnerships. Science Business. https://sciencebusiness.net/framework-programmes/news/japan-eyes-possible-eu10m-year-horizon-europe-partnerships [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Inagaki, Kana (18 de Julio 2019): Japan falling behind in artificial intelligence, warns SoftBank founder. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/cab0936c-a940-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Irion, Kristina / Williams, Josephine (2019): Prospective Policy Study on Artificial Intelligence and EU Trade Policy. Amsterdam: The Institute for information Law.
Jacob, Michael (15 de abril 2019): Japan increasing R&I budget more than 10 percent, and shooting at the moon. Offices of Science and Innovation. https://sweden-science-innovation.blog/japan/japan-increasing-ri-budget-more-than-10-percent-and-shooting-at-the-moon/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Jin, Xu / Wang, Dianhong. (2008): “An intelligent model for urban demand-responsive transport system control”. En: 2008 International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, pp. 151-154.
Joint Research Centre (2018): Artificial Intelligence. A European perspective. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea. < doi:10.2760/936974>
Kaminski, Margot E. (2019): “The Right to Explanation, Explained”. En: Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 189-218
Kanetake, Machiko (2019): ‘The EU’s dual-use export control and human rights risks: the case of cyber surveillance technology”. En: Europe and the World: A law review, Vol. 3, No. 1 <https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ewlj.2019.14>.
Kaye, David (2018): Informe del Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas, A/73/348. United Nations Documents. https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=es/A/73/348 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Kaye, David (2019): Informe del Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión. La vigilancia y los derechos humanos, A/HRC/41/35. United Nations Documents https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/148/79/PDF/G1914879.pdf?OpenElement [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Klöver, Chris / Fanta, Alexander (9 de abril 2019): No red lines: Industry defuses ethics guidelines for artificial intelligence. AlgorithmWatch https://algorithmwatch.org/en/industry-defuses-ethics-guidelines-for-artificial-intelligence/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Kozuka, Souichirou (2018): “Japan’s Response to New Technologies: Draft Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Guidelines for International Discussions”. En: Zeitschrift für Japanisches Recht (Journal of Japanese Law), Vol. 23, No. 46, pp. 3-18.
Kozuka, Souichirou (2019): “A governance framework for the development and use of artificial intelligence: lessons from the comparison of Japanese and European initiatives”. En: Uniform Law Review, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 315–329,
McCarthy, John / Minsky, Marvin L. / Rochester, Nathaniel / Shannon, Claude E. (2006): “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955”. AI Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 4, 12-14, .
Millar, Jason / Barron, Brent / Hori, Koichi / Finlay, Rebecca / Kotsuki, Kentaro / Kerr, Ian (2018): Accountability in AI. Promoting Greater Social Trust. Theme Paper for the G7 Multi-stakeholder Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Enabling the Responsible Adoption of AI, December 6, 2018. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research https://www.cifar.ca/docs/default-source/ai-society/g7-accountabilityinai.pdf?sfvrsn=66bdfdc2_6 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Miller, Hannah / Stirling, Richard (2019): Government Artificial Intelligence Readiness Index 2019. Oxford Insights. https://www.oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness2019 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Mittelstadt, Brent (2019): “Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI”. En: Nature Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1, pp. 501–507. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-019-0114-4 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Ochigame, Rodrigo (2019): “The invention of “ethical AI” How Big Tech Manipulates Academia to Avoid Regulation”, The Intercept, 20/12/2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/12/20/mit-ethical-ai-artificial-intelligence/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Oikawa, Akira (2019): “Japan's R&D spending hits record for nearly half of companies”, Nikkei Asian Review, 14/09/2019 https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/Japan-s-R-D-spending-hits-record-for-nearly-half-of-companies [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Ortega Klein, Andrés (2019): Sociedad 5.0: el concepto japonés para una sociedad superinteligente, Real Instituto Elcano, ARI 10/2019. Real Instituto Elcano, Strategic and International Studies. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_es/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/economia+internacional/ari10-2019-ortega-sociedad-5-0-concepto-japones-sociedad-superinteligente [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Ortega Klein, Andrés (2020): Geopolítica de la ética en Inteligencia Artificial, Real Instituto Elcano, Documento de Trabajo 1/2020. Real Instituto Elcano, Strategic and International Studies. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_es/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/dt1-2020-ortega-geopolitica-de-la-etica-en-inteligencia-artificial [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Park, Seong Ho / Han, Kyunghwa (2018): “Methodologic guide for evaluating clinical performance and effect of artificial intelligence technology for medical diagnosis and prediction”. En: Radiology, Vol. 286, No. 3, pp. 800-809.
Patrício, Diego Inácio / Rieder, Rafael (2018): “Computer vision and artificial intelligence in precision agriculture for grain crops: A systematic review”. En: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 153, pp. 69-81.
Perrault, Raymond / Shoham, Yoav / Brynjolfsson, Erik / Clark, Jack / Etchemendy, John / Grosz, Barbara / Lyons, Terah / Manyika, James / Mishra, Saurabh / Niebles, Juan Carlos (2019): The AI Index 2019 Annual Report. Palo Alto: Human-Centered AI Institute, Stanford University. https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10986/f/ai_index_2019_report.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Polyakova, Alina / Meserole, Chris (agosto 2019): Exporting digital authoritarianism. The Russian and Chinese models. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/exporting-digital-authoritarianism/ [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Raso, Filippo / Hilligoss, Hannah / Krishnamurthy, Vivek / Bavitz, Christopher / Kim, Levin Yerin (2018): Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks, Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2018-6.
Suciu, Dorina Claudia (2019): “El Acuerdo entre la Unión Europea y Japón relativo a una asociación económica: una gran apuesta por el libre comercio”. En: Revista General de Derecho Europeo, No. 48, s/p. https://www.iustel.com/v2/revistas/detalle_revista.asp?numero=48&id=13
Tirado Robles, Carmen (2020): "El Acuerdo Unión Europea-Japón". En: Blanc Altemir, Antonio (ed.). La Unión Europea, promotora del libre comercio. Análisis e impacto de los principales acuerdos comerciales. Madrid: Aranzadi.
Veale, Michael (24 de enero 2020): “A Critical Take on the Policy Recommendations of the EU High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence”. En: European Journal of Risk Regulation.
Von der Leyen, Ursula (16 de julio 2019): Orientaciones políticas para la próxima Comisión Europea (2019-2024). Una Unión que se esfuerza por lograr más resultados: Mi agenda para Europa . European Council. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/political-guidelines-next-commission_es.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Wagner, Ben (2018): “Ethics as an escape from regulation: From ethics-washing to ethics-shopping.”. En: Bayamlioglu, Emre / Baraliuc, Irina / Janssens, Liisa A. W. / Hildebrandt, Mireille (eds.). Being Profiled: Cogitas Ergo Sum. Amsterdam: University Press, Amsterdam, pp. 84-90
www.consilium.europa.eu (2019a): EU-Japan Summit Joint Statement (25 de abril 2019): European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/39222/190425-eu-japan_summit-statement-final.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.consilium.europa.eu (2019b): G20 Osaka Leaders’ Declaration. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/40124/final_g20_osaka_leaders_declaration.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.data.oecd.org (2019): Elderly population. OECD Data. https://data.oecd.org/pop/elderly-population.htm [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.ec.europa.eu (2018): New cooperation arrangement signed between the European Commission and the Japan Science and Technology Agency to strengthen researcher’s cooperation. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/index.cfm?pg=news_by_country&countryname=japan [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.eur-lex.europa.eu (2018): Acuerdo de Asociación Estratégica entre la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, por una parte, y Japón, por otra. ST/8463/2018/INIT. EUR-Lex. Access to European Union law. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?qid=1577560194271&uri=CELEX:22018A0824(01) [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.europarl.europa.eu (2019): Hearing of Margrethe Vestager, at the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (8 de octubre 2019). European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20191009RES63801/20191009RES63801.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.fra.europa.eu (2019): AI policy initiatives (2016-2019). Artificial Intelligence and Big Data; and Fundamental Rights. FRA. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights https://fra.europa.eu/en/project/2018/artificial-intelligence-big-data-and-fundamental-rights/ai-policy-initiatives [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.fra.europa.eu (30 de mayo 2018): #BigData: Discrimination in data-supported decision making: FRA. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/big-data-discrimination [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.gsmaintelligence.com (2019): The Mobile Economy 2019. GSMA Intelligence https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=b9a6e6202ee1d5f787cfebb95d3639c5&download [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.legalinstruments.oecd.org (2019): OECD/LEGAL/0449. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD Legal Instruments. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449#_ga=2.86793752.189492959.1560336874-1504412241.1560336874 [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.mofa.go.jp (2019): G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000486596.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.nedo.go.jp (31 de marzo 2017): Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy (Report of Strategic council for AI Technology). NEDO. https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100865202.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.oecd.org (2018): OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2018. Adapting to Technological and Societal Disruption. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/sti/oecd-science-technology-and-innovation-outlook-25186167.htm [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.population.un.org (2019): World Population Prospects 2019. Highlights. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.rm.coe.int (2017): Algorithms and Human Rights. Study on the human rights dimensions of automated data processing techniques and possible regulatory implications. Council of Europe. Committee of Experts on Internet Intermediaries. https://rm.coe.int/study-hr-dimension-of-automated-data-processing-incl-algorithms/168075b94a [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.soumu.go.jp (2017): Draft AI R&D Guidelines for International Discussions (28 July 2017). The Conference toward AI Network Society. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000507517.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www.soumu.go.jp (2018): Draft AI Utilization Principles (17 July 2018). The Conference toward AI Network Society. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000581310.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www8.cao.go.jp (2015): Report on The 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan (18 de diciembre 2015). Cabinet Office Government of Japan. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/kihonkeikaku/5basicplan_en.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www8.cao.go.jp (2017): Integrated Innovation Strategy. Cabinet Office Government of Japan. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/doc/integrated_main.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www8.cao.go.jp (2018): Moonshot Research and Development Program. Cabinet Office Government of Japan. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/moonshot1.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
www8.cao.go.jp (2019): Social Principles of Human-centric AI. Cabinet Office Government of Japan https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/stmain/aisocialprinciples.pdf [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Yamashita, Minako (30 de marzo 2019): Japan aims to produce 250,000 AI experts a year. Nikkei Asian Review. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-aims-to-produce-250-000-AI-experts-a-year [Consulta: 29/12/2019].
Article download
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Mirai. Estudios Japoneses is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
