Alamūt, Ismailism and Ḫwāǧah Qāsim Tuštarī’s Work Recognizing God
- Shafique N. Virani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-9459
- Virginia Martos Armenteros Universidad de Toronto https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2792-1056
Abstract
Drawing extensively on the testimony of the VII-VIII/XIII-XIV century Persian historians, this article sketches a detailed picture of several personalities involved in founding the nascent Ismaili state centred at Alamūt in the V/XI century. This background sets the stage for analyzing a new manuscript source documenting Ismaili history and thought of this period, Khwājah Qāsim Tushtarī’s Recognizing God (Maʿrifat-i Khudāy taʿālā). After outlining and amending previous scholarship on this author and surveying the text’s extant manuscript and lithographic sources, the article analyzes the historical references, focusing on the figure of Sharaf al-Dīn Muḥammad, and examining the evolution of the Ismaili leadership structure. It argues for a likely date of composition between 525/1131 and 533/1139, making Tushtari’s Recognizing God one of the oldest Ismaili texts from Alamūt still in existence.
Downloads
Author Biography
Shafique N. Virani (doctorado en la Universidad de Harvard) trabaja actualmente como profesor titular de estudios islámicos en la Universidad de Toronto. Su investigación abarca temas tan variados como el chiísmo ismaelita, el ithna-'ashari, estudios coránicos, la historia islámica, la filosofía, el misticismo y las literaturas musulmanas en árabe, persa y lenguas del sur de Asia. Traducido a más de 20 idiomas, ha recibido premios de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, la Academia Americana de Religión, el gobierno de Irán y la Asociación de Estudios de Oriente Medio. Describiéndolo como “un visionario”, las Naciones Unidas lo honraron por dedicar sus esfuerzos “a la causa de ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento y el bienestar de la humanidad”.
References
raʾīs. En Encyclopaedia of Islam: Glossary and Index of Terms, editado por Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford Edmond Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel y Wolfhart P. Heinrichs. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Edición original, 1960-2007.
(Šād, pseud.), Muḥammad Pādšāh ibn Ġulām Muḥyī al-Dīn. 1335 HS/1956 AC. Farhang-i Ānand-Rāǧ. 7 vols. Vol. 1. Teherán: Kitāb-ḫānah-yi Ḫayyām.
Abū’l-Maʿālī, Muḥammad ibn ʿUbayd Allāh. 1376 HS/1997 AC. Bayān al-adyān. Editado por ʿAbbās Iqbāl Āštiyānī y Muḥammad Taqī Dānišpazhūh. Teherán: Intišārāt-i Rūzānah.
al-Muʾayyad fī’l-Dīn al-Šīrāzī, Abū Naṣr Hibat Allāh ibn Abī ʿImrān Mūsā. 1407 AH/1986 AC. al-Maǧālis al-Muʾayyadiyyah: al-miʾah al-ṯāniyah. 3 vols. Vol. 2. Oxford: np.
al-Nuʿmān, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfah ibn Muḥammad. nd. Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Beirut: Dār al-Ṯaqāfah al-Ǧadīdah. Edición original, El Cairo: Dār al-maʿārif, 1967-1972.
al-Šahrastānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Abī Bakr Aḥmad. 1421 AH/2001 AC. al-Milal wa’l-niḥal. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah.
al-Šahrastānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Abī Bakr Aḥmad. 1986. al-Milal wa’l-niḥal. Traducido por Daniel Gimaret y Guy Monnot, Collection UNESCO d’œuvres représentatives. Série arabe. [Leuven, Belgium]: Peeters, UNESCO.
al-Šahrastānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Abī Bakr Aḥmad. 2009. Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār. Traducido por Toby Mayer, Qurʾanic Studies. Londres: Oxford University Press in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
al-Ṭayyibī (atrib.), Šams al-Dīn bin Aḥmad (o Muḥammad) bin Yaʿqūb. 1978. al-Dustūr wa-daʿwat al-muʾminīn li’l-ḥuḍūr. En Arbaʿ rasāʾil Ismāʿīliyyah, editado por ʿĀrif Tāmir. Beirut: Maktabat al-ḥayāt.
ʿĀmir ibn ʿĀmir al-Baṣrī. 1985. Tāʾiyyah. Traducido por Yves Marquet. París: Editions Maisonneuve & Larose.
ʿAwfī, Muḥammad. 1321 AH/1903 AC. Lubāb al-albāb. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Persian Historical Texts. Londres: Luzac.
Badaḫchani, Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini. 1395 HS/2016 AC. ‘Preface’. En Dīwān-i qāʾimiyyāt, editado por Sayyid Ǧalāl Ḥusaynī Badaḫšānī (Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani), 7-20. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Badaḫchani, Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini. 2016. ‘Introduction’. En Tarǧamah-yi kitāb al-milal wa’l-niḥal az mutarǧimī-yi nāšināḫtah, nusḫah-yi bargardān-i dastnawīs-i šumārah-yi 2371-i kitābḫānah-yi Ayāṣūfiyā (Istānbūl), editado por Sayyid Muḥammad ʿImādī (Seyyed Muhammad Emadi) Ḥāʾirī (Haeri), 7-17. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Badaḫšānī (Badaḫchani), Sayyid Ǧalāl Ḥusaynī (Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini). 1390 HS/ 2011 AC. “Muqaddimah-yi muṣaḥḥiḥ”. En Dīwān-i qāʾimiyyāt, editado por Sayyid Ǧalāl Ḥusaynī (Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini) Badaḫšānī (Badaḫchani), ci-cxxviii. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Zayd. 1365 AH/1946 AC. Taʾrīḫ ḥukamāʾ al-Islām, Maṭbūʿāt al-maǧmaʾ al-ʿilmī al-ʿArabī bi-Dimašq. [Damasco]: al-Maǧmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿArabī.
Bergne, Paul. 2007. The Birth of Taǧikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic. International Library of Central Asian Studies. Londres: I.B. Tauris.
Bosworth, Charles E. 2012. Sand̲j̲ar. En Encyclopaedia of Islam, editado por Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford Edmond Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel y Wolfhart P. Heinrichs. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 1968. “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)”. En The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, editado por John Andrew Boyle, 1-202. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 1996. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2009. Ḫwarazmšahs: i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2011. Dehestānī, Aʿazz-al-MolkNeẓam-al-Dīn (sic) Abu’l-Maḥāsen ʿAbd-al-Ǧalīl b. ʿAlī. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Edición Original, Diciembre 15, 1994.
Carstairs, G. Morris. 1957. The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste Hindus. Londres: Hogarth Press.
Chaturvedi, Vinayak. 2007. Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Daftary, Farhad. 1996. “Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ and the Origins of the Nizārī Ismaʿili Movement”. En Mediaeval Ismaʿili History and Thought, editado por Farhad Daftary, 181-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daftary, Farhad. 2004. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Daftary, Farhad. 2007. The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dāmāṇī, Akabar. 1974. Pīrono Itihās. 1r ed, Talīme Isamāilīā. Mumbaī: Isamāilīā Esosīešan phor Inḍiyā.
Daniel, Elton L. 2014. Asadābāḏ. En Encyclopaedia of Islam, editado por Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas y Everett Rowson. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
de Blois, François C. 1994. Persian Literature: Poetry ca. A.D. 1100 to 1225. Vol. 5, part 2. Londres: Luzac.
de Bruijn, J.T.P. 1983. Of Piety and Poetry: The Interaction of Religion and Literature in the Life and Works of Ḥakīm Sanāʾī of Ġazna. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
de Bruijn, J.T.P. 2012a. Ḥadiqat al-ḥaqiqa wa šariʿat al-ṭariqa. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Edición original, Diciembre 15, 2002.
de Bruijn, J.T.P. 2012b. Sanāʾī. En Encyclopaedia of Islam, editado por Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford Edmond Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel y Wolfhart P. Heinrichs. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Edición original, 1960-2007.
Gulamadov, Shaftolu. 2018. “The Hagiography of Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw and the Ismāʿīlīs of Badaḫšān”. Dis. Doc., Study of Religion, University of Toronto.
Halm, Heinz. 1996. The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids. Traducido por Michael Bonner,. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Hanaway, W.L. 2012. Ṣafī. En Encyclopaedia of Islam, editado por Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford Edmond Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel y Wolfhart P. Heinrichs. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Original edition, 1960-2007.
Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd-i Kātib, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. 1395 HS/2016 AC. Dīwān-i qāʾimiyyāt. 2nd ed. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Havemann, A., C.E. Bosworth, y S. Soucek. 2012. Raʾīs. En Encyclopaedia of Islam, editado por Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford Edmond Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel y Wolfhart P. Heinrichs. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Original edition, 1960-2007.
Su Alteza Aga Ḫan IV. Octubre 31, 2006. “Remarks by His Highness the Aga Ḫan at the Inauguration of the Iškašim Bridge”. Aga Ḫan Development Network. Recuperado de http://www.akdn.org/speech/246/Inauguration-of-the-Iškašim-Bridge.
Hodgson, Marshall G.S. 1980. The Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs against the Islamic World. Nueva York: AMS Press. Original edition, The Hague: Mouton, 1955.
Ibn al-Aṯīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn. 1425 AH/2004 AC. al-Kāmil fī’l-taʾrīḫ. Vol. 9. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāṯ al-ʿArabī.
Ibn al-Balḫī. 1921. Fārs nāmah, E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, New Series. Londres: Luzac.
Ibn Ḫaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. 1363 HS/[1984 AC]. al-ʿIbar: Taʾrīḫ-i Ibn Ḫaldūn. Traducido por ʿAbd al-Muḥammad Āyatī. Vol. 4. Teherán: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭāliʿāt wa-Taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī.
Ivanow, Wladimir. 1922. ‘Ismailitica’. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 8:1-76.
Ivanow, Wladimir. 1933. A Guide to Ismaili Literature, Prize Publication Fund. Londres: Royal Asiatic Society.
Ivanow, Wladimir. 1963. Ismaili Literature: A Bibliographical Survey. 2nd ampliado ed., The Ismaili Society’s Series of Texts, Translations and Monographs. Teherán: Tehran University Press.
Ǧamal, Nadia Eboo. 2002. Surviving the Mongols: Nizārī Quhistānī and the Continuity of Ismaili Tradition in Persia. Editado por Farhad Daftary, Ismaili Heritage. Londres: I.B.Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies. Book.
Ǧuwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā-Malik. 1912-1937a. Taʾrīḫ-i Ǧahāngušāy. 3 vols. Vol. 3, E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Ǧuwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā-Malik. 1912-1937b. Taʾrīḫ-i Ǧahāngušāy. 3 vols. Vol. 2, E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Ǧuwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā-Malik. 1958a. Taʾrīḫ-i Ǧahāngušāy. Traducido por John Andrew Boyle. 2 vols. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ǧuwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā-Malik. 1958b. Taʾrīḫ-i Ǧahāngušāy. Traducido por John Andrew Boyle. 2 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kāšānī, Ǧamāl al-Dīn Abū’l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. 1366 HS/1987 AC. Zubdat al-tawārīḫ: Baḫš-i Fāṭimiyān wa Nizāriyān. 2nd ed. Teherán: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭāliʿāt wa Taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī.
Ḫayrḫwāh-i Harātī (pseud. atrib.), Muḥammad Riḍā ibn Ḫwāǧah Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ġūriyānī. 1922. Maʿdin al-asrār (Faṣl dar bayān-i šināḫt-i imām). En Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, editado por Wladimir Ivanow.
Ḫayrḫwāh-i Harātī (pseud. atrib.), Muḥammad Riḍā ibn Ḫwāǧah Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ġūriyānī. 1947. On the Recognition of the Imam (Faṣl dar bayān-i šināḫt-i imām). Traducido por Wladimir Ivanow. Editado y traducido por Wladimir Ivanow. 2nd ed, Ismaili Society Series B, Texts and Translations. Bombay: Publišed for the Ismaili Society by Thacker & Co.
Ḫayrḫwāh-i Harātī (pseud. atrib.), Muḥammad Riḍā ibn Ḫwāǧah Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ġūriyānī. 1949. Maʿdin al-asrār (Faṣl dar bayān-i šināḫt-i imām). Editado por Wladimir Ivanow. [2nd] ed, Ismaili Society Series B, Texts and Translations. Leiden: the Ismaili Society by E.J. Brill.
Ḫayrḫwāh-i Harātī (pseud. atrib.), Muḥammad Riḍā ibn Ḫwāǧah Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ġūriyānī. 1960. Maʿdin al-asrār (Faṣl dar bayān-i šināḫt-i imām). Editado por Wladimir Ivanow. 3rd ed, Ismaili Society Series B, Texts and Translations. Teherán: Ismaili Society.
Landolt, Hermann. 2005. ‘Introduction’. En Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought; A New Persian Edition and English Translation of Naṣīr al-Dīn Tūsī’s Rawḍa-yi taslīm, editado por Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani, 1-11 y 244-247. Londres: I.B. Tauris.
Landolt, Hermann. 2017. “‘Being-Towards-Resurrection’: Mullā Ṣadrā’s Critique of Suhrawardī’s Eschatology”. En Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam; Foundations and Formation of a Tradition, Reflections on the Hereafter in the Quran and Islamic Religious Thought, editado por Sebastian Günther, Todd Lawson y Christian Mauder, 487-533. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Matīnī, J. 2011. ʿAwfī, Sadīd-al-Dīn. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Edición original, Diciembre 15, 1987.
Meisami, Sayeh. 2017. “A Critical Analysis of Discourses on Knowledge and Absolute Authority in the Works of Ḥamīd al-Dīn Kirmānī and Mullā Ṣadrā Šīrāzī”. Dis. Doc., Department for the Study of Religion, University of Toronto.
Mojaddedi, Ǧawid A. 2012. Ḥallāǧ, Abu’l-Muḡiṯ Ḥusayn. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Edición original, Diciembre 15, 2003.
Mullā Sadrā, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm Ṣadr al-Dīn Šīrāzī. 1383 HS/2004 AC. Šarḥ Uṣūl al-kāfī: Kitāb faḍl al-ʿilm wa-Kitāb al-ḥuǧǧah. 2nd ed. 4 vols. Vol. 2. Teherán: Pizhūhišgāh-i ʿUlūm-i Insānī wa Muṭālaʿāt-i Farhangī.
Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw, Ḥakīm Abū Muʿīn. 1357 HS/1978 AC. Dīwān-i ašʿār-i Ḥakīm Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw Qubādiyānī. Reprimp. ed. Vol. 1, Silsilah-yi Dāniš-i Īrānī. Teherán: Muʾassasah-yi muṭālaʿāt-i Islāmī, Dānišgāh-i Makgīl, šuʾbah-yi Tihrān (McGill University, Institute of Islamic Studies, Tehran Branch) bā hamkārī-yi Dānišgāh-i Tihrān. Edición Original, Teherán: Dānišgāh-i Tihrān, 1353 HS/1974 AC.
Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw, Ḥakīm Abū Muʿīn. 1380 HS/2001 AC. Dīwān-i ašʿār-i Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw Qubādiyānī: Muštamil ast bar Rawšanāʾī-nāmah, Saʿādat-nāmah, qasāʾid wa muqaṭṭaʿāt. Teherán: Intišārāt-i Muʿīn. Edición Original, Teherán: Kitābḫānah-yi Tihrān, 1304-1307 HS/1925-1928 AC.
Pīr Indra Imāmašāh. 1990 VS/Febrero 1934 AC. “Tame suno munīvaro ved vīchār (Muḫīnī kīrīā)”. En 100 ginānanī chopaḍī: Bhāg 5mo, #98, 164-166. Mumbaī: Ḏī Rīkrīešan Kalab Insṭīṭayuṭ pres ḍīparṭmenṭ, on. sekreṭarī Rematulā Vīraǧīe Ḏī Ḫoǧā Sīnḏī Prīnṭiṅg Pres...māṃ chhāpī tyāṃṯīǧ pragaṭ karī.
Poonawala, Ismail K. 1977. Biobibliography of Ismāʿīlī Literature. Editado por Teresa Joseph, Studies in Near Eastern Culture and Society. Malibú: Undena.
Qāsim-i Anwār, Muʿīn al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḥusaynī. 1958. Kulliyāt. Teherán: Kitābḫānah-yi Sanāʾī.
Qazwīnī, Ḥamd-Allāh Mustawfī. 1919. Nuzhat al-Qulūb. Traducido por Guy Le Strange. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Qazwīnī, Muḥammad. 1912-1937. ‘Muqaddimah’. En Taʾrīḫ-i Ǧahāngušāy. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Quhistānī, Bū Isḥāq. 1962. Haft bāb. Gilgit, Pakistán.
Rašīd al-Dīn, Faḍl Allāh Ṭabīb. 1387 HS/2008 AC. Ǧāmiʿ al-Tawārīḫ: Taʾrīḫ-i Ismāʿīliyān. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Rašīd al-Dīn, Faḍl Allāh Ṭabīb, y Ẓāhir al-Dīn Nīšāpūrī. 2001. The History of the Selǧuq Turks from the Ǧāmīʿ al-tawārīḫ: An Ilḫanid Adaptation of the Salǧūq-nāma of Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīšāpūrī. Traducido por Kenneth Allin Luther. Editado por Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Richmond: Curzon.
Rasūlī, Ruqayyah. 1996. “Ṯanāʾī Mašhadī.” In Dānišnāmah-yi ǧahān-i Islām. Teherán: Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Islāmī.
Rawandī, Murtaḍā. 1386 HS/[2007 AC]. Taʾrīḫ-i Iǧtimāʿī-yi Īrān. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Teherán: Muʾassasah-yi Intišārāt-i Nigāh.
Rematulā (Rahimtoola), Ǧāfarabhāī (Ǧaffer). 1905. Ḫoǧā Kom no Itihās. Mumbai: Sāñǧ Vartamān Pres.
Sayyid Imāmšāh. 1948. “Ǧanatpurī”. En Collectanea, editado por Wladimir Ivanow. Leiden: Ismaili Society by E.J. Brill.
Šafīʿī-Kadkanī, Muḥammad-Riḍā. 1390 HS/2011 AC. “Qāʾīmiyyāt wa ǧāygāh-i ān dar šʿir wa adab-i Fārsī”. En Dīwān-i qāʾimiyyāt, editado por Sayyid Ǧalāl Ḥusaynī Badaḫšānī (Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani), ix-c. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Šahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm Abī Bakr Aḥmad. 1984. al-Milal wa’l-niḥal. Traducido por A.K. Kazi and J.G. Flynn. Londres: Kegan Paul International.
Šams, Pīr. 1342 AH/1923 AC. Šrī Nakaḷaṅk Šāstr: Pīr Šams no Vāek Moṭo. 1r [Guǧarati] ed., Nakaḷaṅk Šāstr Hāramāḷā. Mumbai: Chunārā, Alīmāmad Ǧānamāmad.
Thiesen, Finn. 1982. A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody: With Chapters on Urdu, Karaḫanidic and Ottoman Prosody. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Tor, Deborah G. 2010. Sanǧar, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh. En Encyclopaedia Iranica, editado por Ehsan Yaršater. Nueva York: Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. 1999. Sayr ū sulūk. Traducido por Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. 2010a. Āġāz ū anǧām. En Šiʿi Interpretations of Islam: Three Treatises on Theology and Eschatology; A Persian Edition and English Translation of Tawallā wa tabarrā, Maṭlūb al-muʾminīn and Āġāz wa anǧām of Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, editado por Seyyed Ǧalal Hossein Badaḫchani. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. 2010b. Maṭlūb al-muʾminīn. En Šiʿi Interpretations of Islam: Three Treatises on Theology and Eschatology; A Persian Edition and English Translation of Tawallā wa tabarrā, Maṭlūb al-muʾminīn and Āġāz wa anǧām of Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, editado por Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, y Ṣalāh al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd-i Kātib. 1393 HS/2014 AC. Rawḍah-yi taslīm (Taṣawwurāt). 1r [mīrāṯ-i maktūb] ed, ʿUlūm wa maʿārif-i Islāmī. Teherán: Markaz-i Pizhūhišī-yi Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb (Miras-e Maktoob) bā hamkārī-yi Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Ismāʿīlī (The Institute of Ismaili Studies).
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, y Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd-i Kātib. 2005. Rawḍah-yi taslīm (Taṣawwurāt). Traducido por Seyyed Ǧalal Hosseini Badaḫchani, Ismaili Texts and Translations Series. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Virani, Shafique N. 2005. “Symphony of Gnosis: A Self-Definition of the Ismaili Ginān Literature”. En Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought, editado por Todd Lawson, 503-521. Londres: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies.
Virani, Shafique N. 2007. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Virani, Shafique N. “El concepto de conocimiento de inspiración divina en la literatura del Ginān de los ismaelitas del sur de Asia.” Traducido por Virginia Martos Armenteros. ’Ilu: Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones 27 (2022): 1–13.
Article download
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Ilu. Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
