The ‘Hymn of the Pearl’ in the literary context of the Origins of Christianism. Analysis and first conclussions on AT 108-111.62
- Israel Muñoz Gallarte Universidad de Córdoba (España).
Abstract
One of the most beautiful and enigmatic texts in the corpus of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles is beyond doubt the so-called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas 108-113), whose meaning, however, is far from getting an academic consensus in the current bibliography. As A.F.J. Klijn in his «The So-Called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas ch. 108-113)», Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 14, n. 3 (1960) 156, stated a coherent analysis of the poem should bring an answer to two main questions: «What is meant with the pearl? and Who is the principal person in this hymn?». The following pages will try to propose a tenable meaning to this passage by allocating it in its due conceptual context and will offer a consequent hypothesis to those questions that remain still opened.Downloads
References
J. Alarcón Sainz – P.A. Torijano, «Las versiones siriaca y griega del “Himno de la perla”. Introducción, traducción y notas», Coll.Ch.Or. 3 (2006) 49-81.
F. Amsler, Acta Philippi, II, Commentarius, Turnhout, 1999.
H.W. Attridge, «The Original Language of the Acts of Thomas», en H.W. Attridge (ed.), Of Scribes and Scrolls. Presented to J. Strugnell, Lanham-New York-Londres, 1990, 241-250.
H. Bethge, «Die Exegese über die Seele … eingeleitet und übersetzt vom Berliner Arbeitskreis für koptisch gnostische Schriften», Theologische Literaturzeitung 101 (1976) 93-104.
M. Bonnet, «Actes de Saint Thomas, Apôtre. Le Poème de l’âme. Version grecque remaniée par Nicetas de Thessalonique», Analecta Bollandiana XX (1901) 159-164.
M. Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha v. II, Leipzig, 1959.
G. Bornkamm, Mythos und Legende in den apokryphen Thomas-Akten: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gnosis und zur Vorgeschichte der Manichäismus, Göttingen, 1933.
W. Bousset, «Hauptprobleme der Gnosis», Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 10 (1907) 276-319.
F. Bovon, «The Soul’s Comeback: Immortality and Resurrection in Early Christianity», Harvard Theological Review 103.4 (2010) 387-406.
J.N. Bremmer, «The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women», en J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 74-90.
F.E. Brenk, «The Origin and the Return of the Soul in Plutarch», en F.E. Brenk, Relighting the Souls. Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion, and Philosophy, and in the New Testament Background, Stuttgart, 1998, 28-49.
F.C. Burkitt, «Fragments of the Acts of Judas Thomas from the Sinaitic Palimpsest», en A. Smith Lewis (ed.), Select Narratives of Holy Women, Londres, 1900, Appendix VII, 23-44.
F.C. Burkitt, «The original language of the Acts of Judas Thomas», Journal of Theological Studies I (1900) 280-290.
F.C. Burkitt, «Another indication of the syriac origin of the Acts of Thomas», Journal of Theological Studies II (1901) 94-95.
D.M. Burns, «The Garment Poured Its Entire Self Over Me», en K. Corrigan – Th. Rasimus (eds.), Gnosticism, Platonism and the Late Ancient World, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 261-273.
I. Czachesz, «The Eagle on the Tree: A Homeric Motif in Jewish and Christian Literature», en F. García Martínez – G.P. Luttikhuizen (eds.), Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst, Leiden, 2003, 87-106.
E. Des Places, Oracles Chaldaïques, París, 19963.
J. Dillon, «The Descent of the Soul in Middle Platonic and Gnostic Theory», en B. Layton (ed.), The Rediscovery of Gnosticism, Leiden, 1980, 357-64.
J. Dillon, The Middle Platonists, 80 BC to AD 220, Ithaca, NY 19962.
J. Dillon, «How does the soul direct the body, after all? Traces of a dispute on mind-body relation in the Old Academy», en D. Frede & B. Reis (eds), Body and Soul in Ancient Philosophy, Berlin - New York, 2009, 349-358.
H.J.W. Drijvers, Bardaisan of Edessa, Assen, 1966.
H.J.W. Drijvers, «The Acts of Thomas», en W. Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha II, Cambridge-Louisville, 1992, 322-339.
M. Elkaisy-Friemuth – J.M. Dillon (eds.), The Afterlife of the Platonic Soul. Reflections of Platonic Psychology in the Monotheistic Religions, Leiden, 2009.
W. Foerster, «Das Wesen der Gnosis», en Die Welt als Geschichte, Stuttgart, 1955, 100-114.
F. García Bazán, La gnosis eternal. Antología de textos gnósticos griegos, latinos y coptos I, Madrid, 2003.
M. Geerard, Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti, Brepols, 1992.
I. Hadot, «The Spiritual Guide», en A. H. Armstrong (ed.), Classical Mediterranean Spirituality: Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Nueva York, 1986, 436-459.
P. Hadot, Exercises Spirituels et Philosophe Antique, París, 19872.
K. Hopkins, A World Full of Gods, Londres, 1999.
H. Jonas (trad de Menchu Gutiérrez), La religión gnóstica. El mensaje del Dios Extraño y los comienzos del cristianismo, Madrid, 2000.
H.J. Klauck, The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. An Introduction, Waco, 2008.
A.F.J. Klijn, «The So-Called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas ch. 108-113)», Vigiliae Christianae 14, n. 3 (1960) 154-164.
A.F.J. Klijn, «The Acts of Thomas Revisited», en J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 1-10.
A.F.J., Klijn, The Acts of Thomas. Introduction, Text, Commentary, Leiden, 20032.
Klimkeit, H.-J., Gnosis on the Silk Road, Nueva York, 1993.
B. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures. A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions, New York, 1987.
R.A. Lipsius – M. Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha II.2, Leipzig, 19722.
G.P. Luttikhuizen, «The Hymn of Jude Thomas, the Apostle, in the Country of the Indians (ATh 108-113)», in J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 101-114.
G.W. Macrae, «A Nag Hammadi Treatise on the Soul», en Ex orbe Religionum. Studia Geo Widengren oblata, Leiden, 1972, 471-479.
M. Marcovich, «The Wedding Hymn of Acta Thomae», en Studies in Graeco-roman Religions and Gnosticism, v. IV, Leiden, 1988, 156-173.
G.R.S. Mead, Echoes from the Gnosis X. The Hymn of the Robe of Glory, Londres, 20062.
J.-E. Ménard, «L’Evangile selon Philippe et l’Exégese de l’âme», en J.-E. Ménard (ed.), Les textes de Nag Hammadi: colloque du Centre d’histoire des religions, Strasbourg, 23-25 octobre 1974, Leiden, 1975, 56-81.
J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Graeca 15, París, 1857, 3171C.
J. Montserrat Torrens, Los gnósticos II, Madrid, 1983.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «The Colours of the Soul in Plutarch and in the Apocryphal Acts of John», en L. Roig Lanzillotta – I. Muñoz Gallarte (eds), Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse of Late Antiquity, Leiden, 2012, 235-247.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «The Plutarch’s Motive of Descensus Animae in Nag Hammadi and the Corpus Hermeticum», CFC, Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos, 26 (2016) 169-178.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «Sobre los límites de la estemática maasiana: Los Hechos Apócrifos de Tomás y su lengua original», Creneida 4 (2016) 27-37.
S.E. Myers, Spirit Epicleses in the Acts of Thomas, Tubinga, 2010.
Th. Nöldeke, «Rev. Wright, Apocr. Acts», ZDMG XXV (1871) 670-679.
A. Orbe, Cristología Gnóstica vol. I, Madrid, 1976.
S.J.K. Pearce, The Land of the Body: Studies in Philo’s Representation of Egypt, Tubinga, 2007.
A. Pérez Jiménez, «El viaje sidéreo de las almas: Origen y fortuna de un tema clásico en Occidente», Fortunatae 5 (1993) 101-123.
E. Peterson, «Bemerkungen zum Hamburger Papyrus-Fragment der Acta Pauli», Vigiliae Christianae 3 (1949) 142-162.
P.-H. Poirier, L’Hymne, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981.
A. Piñero, Los Hechos Apócrifos de los Apóstoles, vv. I y II, Madrid, 2005 y 2013.
A. Piñero – J. Montserrat Torrens – Francisco García Bazán, Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I. Tratados filosóficos y cosmológicos, Madrid, 1997.
P.-H. Poirier – Y. Tissot, «Actes de Thomas», en F. Bovon – P. Geoltrain (eds.), Écrits apocryphes chrétiens I, París, 1997, 1321-1470.
E. Preuschen, Zwei gnostische Hymnen, Giessen, 1904.
W.C. Robinson, «The Exegesis on the Soul», NT 12 (1970) 102-17.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, Acta Andreae Apocrypha, Ginebra, 2007.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «The envy of God in the Paradise Story according to the Greek Life of Adam and Eve», en A. Hilhorst – E. Puech – E. Tigchelaar (eds.), Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in honour of Florentino García Martínez, Leiden, 2007, 537-550.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «Platonism and The Expository Treatise on the Soul (NHC II,6)», en L. Van der Stockt – F. Titchener – H. G. Ingenkamp – A. Pérez Jiménez (eds.), Gods, Daimones, Rituals, Myths and History of Religions in Plutarch’s Works. Studies Devoted to Professor Frederick E. Brenk by the International Plutarch Society, Logan, Utah, 2010, 345-362.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «A Syriac Original for the Acts of Thomas? The Hypothesis of Syriac Priority Revisited», en I. Ramelli & J. Perkins (eds.), Early Christian and Jewish Narrative. The Role of Religion in Sharping Narrative Forms (Tubinga, 2015) 105-133.
K. Rudolph, Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism, Edimburgo, 1984.
D.T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato, Leiden, 19862.
D.T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria, On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses. Introduction, Translation and Commentary, Leiden – Boston – Köln, 2001.
K. Schäferdiek, «The Manichean Collection of Apocryphal Acts Ascribed to Leucius Charinus», en W. Schneemelcher (ed.), New Testament Apocrypha, II, Cambridge – Louisville, 20033, 87-100.
J.C. Thilo, Acta S. Thomae Apostoli, Leipzig, 1823.
E. Thomassen, The Spiritual Seed. The Church of the ‘Valentinians’, Leiden-Boston, 2006.
S. Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature: a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, mediaeval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends, 6 vols., Indiana, 1955-1958.
J.D. Turner, Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition, Québec – Lovaina – París, 2001.
R. Valantasis, «The Nuptial Chamber Revisited: The Acts of Thomas and Cultural Intertextuality», Semeia 80 (1997 [1999]) 261-276.
L.P. van Den Bosch, «India and the Apostolate of Thomas», en J.N. Bremmer, (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 125-148.
C.J. de Vogel, «The Soma-Sema Formula: Its Function in Plato and Plotinus Compared to Christian Writers», en H.J. Blumenthal, R.A. Markus (eds), Neoplatonism and Early Christian Thought: Essays in honour of A.H. Armstrong, Londres, 1981, 79-95.
W. Wright, Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, Londres, 1871.
J. Alarcón Sainz – P.A. Torijano, «Las versiones siriaca y griega del “Himno de la perla”. Introducción, traducción y notas», Coll.Ch.Or. 3 (2006) 49-81.
F. Amsler, Acta Philippi, II, Commentarius, Turnhout, 1999.
H.W. Attridge, «The Original Language of the Acts of Thomas», en H.W. Attridge (ed.), Of Scribes and Scrolls. Presented to J. Strugnell, Lanham-New York-Londres, 1990, 241-250.
H. Bethge, «Die Exegese über die Seele … eingeleitet und übersetzt vom Berliner Arbeitskreis für koptisch gnostische Schriften», Theologische Literaturzeitung 101 (1976) 93-104.
M. Bonnet, «Actes de Saint Thomas, Apôtre. Le Poème de l’âme. Version grecque remaniée par Nicetas de Thessalonique», Analecta Bollandiana XX (1901) 159-164.
M. Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha v. II, Leipzig, 1959.
G. Bornkamm, Mythos und Legende in den apokryphen Thomas-Akten: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gnosis und zur Vorgeschichte der Manichäismus, Göttingen, 1933.
W. Bousset, «Hauptprobleme der Gnosis», Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 10 (1907) 276-319.
F. Bovon, «The Soul’s Comeback: Immortality and Resurrection in Early Christianity», Harvard Theological Review 103.4 (2010) 387-406.
J.N. Bremmer, «The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women», en J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 74-90.
F.E. Brenk, «The Origin and the Return of the Soul in Plutarch», en F.E. Brenk, Relighting the Souls. Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion, and Philosophy, and in the New Testament Background, Stuttgart, 1998, 28-49.
F.C. Burkitt, «Fragments of the Acts of Judas Thomas from the Sinaitic Palimpsest», en A. Smith Lewis (ed.), Select Narratives of Holy Women, Londres, 1900, Appendix VII, 23-44.
F.C. Burkitt, «The original language of the Acts of Judas Thomas», Journal of Theological Studies I (1900) 280-290.
F.C. Burkitt, «Another indication of the syriac origin of the Acts of Thomas», Journal of Theological Studies II (1901) 94-95.
D.M. Burns, «The Garment Poured Its Entire Self Over Me», en K. Corrigan – Th. Rasimus (eds.), Gnosticism, Platonism and the Late Ancient World, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 261-273.
I. Czachesz, «The Eagle on the Tree: A Homeric Motif in Jewish and Christian Literature», en F. García Martínez – G.P. Luttikhuizen (eds.), Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst, Leiden, 2003, 87-106.
E. Des Places, Oracles Chaldaïques, París, 19963.
J. Dillon, «The Descent of the Soul in Middle Platonic and Gnostic Theory», en B. Layton (ed.), The Rediscovery of Gnosticism, Leiden, 1980, 357-64.
J. Dillon, The Middle Platonists, 80 BC to AD 220, Ithaca, NY 19962.
J. Dillon, «How does the soul direct the body, after all? Traces of a dispute on mind-body relation in the Old Academy», en D. Frede & B. Reis (eds), Body and Soul in Ancient Philosophy, Berlin - New York, 2009, 349-358.
H.J.W. Drijvers, Bardaisan of Edessa, Assen, 1966.
H.J.W. Drijvers, «The Acts of Thomas», en W. Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha II, Cambridge-Louisville, 1992, 322-339.
M. Elkaisy-Friemuth – J.M. Dillon (eds.), The Afterlife of the Platonic Soul. Reflections of Platonic Psychology in the Monotheistic Religions, Leiden, 2009.
W. Foerster, «Das Wesen der Gnosis», en Die Welt als Geschichte, Stuttgart, 1955, 100-114.
F. García Bazán, La gnosis eternal. Antología de textos gnósticos griegos, latinos y coptos I, Madrid, 2003.
M. Geerard, Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti, Brepols, 1992.
I. Hadot, «The Spiritual Guide», en A. H. Armstrong (ed.), Classical Mediterranean Spirituality: Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Nueva York, 1986, 436-459.
P. Hadot, Exercises Spirituels et Philosophe Antique, París, 19872.
K. Hopkins, A World Full of Gods, Londres, 1999.
H. Jonas (trad de Menchu Gutiérrez), La religión gnóstica. El mensaje del Dios Extraño y los comienzos del cristianismo, Madrid, 2000.
H.J. Klauck, The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. An Introduction, Waco, 2008.
A.F.J. Klijn, «The So-Called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas ch. 108-113)», Vigiliae Christianae 14, n. 3 (1960) 154-164.
A.F.J. Klijn, «The Acts of Thomas Revisited», en J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 1-10.
A.F.J., Klijn, The Acts of Thomas. Introduction, Text, Commentary, Leiden, 20032.
Klimkeit, H.-J., Gnosis on the Silk Road, Nueva York, 1993.
B. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures. A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions, New York, 1987.
R.A. Lipsius – M. Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha II.2, Leipzig, 19722.
G.P. Luttikhuizen, «The Hymn of Jude Thomas, the Apostle, in the Country of the Indians (ATh 108-113)», in J.N. Bremmer (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 101-114.
G.W. Macrae, «A Nag Hammadi Treatise on the Soul», en Ex orbe Religionum. Studia Geo Widengren oblata, Leiden, 1972, 471-479.
M. Marcovich, «The Wedding Hymn of Acta Thomae», en Studies in Graeco-roman Religions and Gnosticism, v. IV, Leiden, 1988, 156-173.
G.R.S. Mead, Echoes from the Gnosis X. The Hymn of the Robe of Glory, Londres, 20062.
J.-E. Ménard, «L’Evangile selon Philippe et l’Exégese de l’âme», en J.-E. Ménard (ed.), Les textes de Nag Hammadi: colloque du Centre d’histoire des religions, Strasbourg, 23-25 octobre 1974, Leiden, 1975, 56-81.
J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Graeca 15, París, 1857, 3171C.
J. Montserrat Torrens, Los gnósticos II, Madrid, 1983.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «The Colours of the Soul in Plutarch and in the Apocryphal Acts of John», en L. Roig Lanzillotta – I. Muñoz Gallarte (eds), Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse of Late Antiquity, Leiden, 2012, 235-247.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «The Plutarch’s Motive of Descensus Animae in Nag Hammadi and the Corpus Hermeticum», CFC, Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos, 26 (2016) 169-178.
I. Muñoz Gallarte, «Sobre los límites de la estemática maasiana: Los Hechos Apócrifos de Tomás y su lengua original», Creneida 4 (2016) 27-37.
S.E. Myers, Spirit Epicleses in the Acts of Thomas, Tubinga, 2010.
Th. Nöldeke, «Rev. Wright, Apocr. Acts», ZDMG XXV (1871) 670-679.
A. Orbe, Cristología Gnóstica vol. I, Madrid, 1976.
S.J.K. Pearce, The Land of the Body: Studies in Philo’s Representation of Egypt, Tubinga, 2007.
A. Pérez Jiménez, «El viaje sidéreo de las almas: Origen y fortuna de un tema clásico en Occidente», Fortunatae 5 (1993) 101-123.
E. Peterson, «Bemerkungen zum Hamburger Papyrus-Fragment der Acta Pauli», Vigiliae Christianae 3 (1949) 142-162.
P.-H. Poirier, L’Hymne, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981.
A. Piñero, Los Hechos Apócrifos de los Apóstoles, vv. I y II, Madrid, 2005 y 2013.
A. Piñero – J. Montserrat Torrens – Francisco García Bazán, Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I. Tratados filosóficos y cosmológicos, Madrid, 1997.
P.-H. Poirier – Y. Tissot, «Actes de Thomas», en F. Bovon – P. Geoltrain (eds.), Écrits apocryphes chrétiens I, París, 1997, 1321-1470.
E. Preuschen, Zwei gnostische Hymnen, Giessen, 1904.
W.C. Robinson, «The Exegesis on the Soul», NT 12 (1970) 102-17.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, Acta Andreae Apocrypha, Ginebra, 2007.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «The envy of God in the Paradise Story according to the Greek Life of Adam and Eve», en A. Hilhorst – E. Puech – E. Tigchelaar (eds.), Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in honour of Florentino García Martínez, Leiden, 2007, 537-550.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «Platonism and The Expository Treatise on the Soul (NHC II,6)», en L. Van der Stockt – F. Titchener – H. G. Ingenkamp – A. Pérez Jiménez (eds.), Gods, Daimones, Rituals, Myths and History of Religions in Plutarch’s Works. Studies Devoted to Professor Frederick E. Brenk by the International Plutarch Society, Logan, Utah, 2010, 345-362.
L. Roig Lanzillotta, «A Syriac Original for the Acts of Thomas? The Hypothesis of Syriac Priority Revisited», en I. Ramelli & J. Perkins (eds.), Early Christian and Jewish Narrative. The Role of Religion in Sharping Narrative Forms (Tubinga, 2015) 105-133.
K. Rudolph, Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism, Edimburgo, 1984.
D.T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato, Leiden, 19862.
D.T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria, On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses. Introduction, Translation and Commentary, Leiden – Boston – Köln, 2001.
K. Schäferdiek, «The Manichean Collection of Apocryphal Acts Ascribed to Leucius Charinus», en W. Schneemelcher (ed.), New Testament Apocrypha, II, Cambridge – Louisville, 20033, 87-100.
J.C. Thilo, Acta S. Thomae Apostoli, Leipzig, 1823.
E. Thomassen, The Spiritual Seed. The Church of the ‘Valentinians’, Leiden-Boston, 2006.
S. Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature: a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, mediaeval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends, 6 vols., Indiana, 1955-1958.
J.D. Turner, Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition, Québec – Lovaina – París, 2001.
R. Valantasis, «The Nuptial Chamber Revisited: The Acts of Thomas and Cultural Intertextuality», Semeia 80 (1997 [1999]) 261-276.
L.P. van Den Bosch, «India and the Apostolate of Thomas», en J.N. Bremmer, (ed.), The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, Leuven, 2001, 125-148.
C.J. de Vogel, «The Soma-Sema Formula: Its Function in Plato and Plotinus Compared to Christian Writers», en H.J. Blumenthal, R.A. Markus (eds), Neoplatonism and Early Christian Thought: Essays in honour of A.H. Armstrong, Londres, 1981, 79-95.
W. Wright, Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, Londres, 1871.
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