Landscape and Religious Monumentalisation in Ancient Greece: The Sanctuary of Athena Alea in Tegea
- Mª Cruz Cardete del Olmo Universidad Complutense de Madrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-9041
Resumo
Monumentalisation is an elaborate way of building memory in and through the landscape. Taking the sanctuary of Athena Alea in Tegea as an example, this paper focuses on two constants in the relationship between monumentalisation and memory in ancient Greece. Firstly, the interaction between the two reinforced the myth of the alleged perpetuity and statism of monuments, thus contributing to make identities more resilient and inflexible and to their understanding as essentialist realities. Secondly, this interaction was used as a way of legitimising the dominant ideology, helping to naturalise it and its expressions. All this is analysed through a specific example, namely, the sanctuary of Athena Alea in Tegea.
Downloads
Referências
Alcock, S. E. (2002): Archaeologies of the Greek Past: Landscapes, Monuments and Memories, Cambridge.
Alcock, S. E. – Van Dyke, R. M. (2003): “Archaeologies of Memory: An Introduction”, [in] Alcock – Van Dyke (eds.), 2003, 1-13 (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774304.ch1).
Alcock, S. E. – Van Dyke, R. M. (eds.), (2003): Archaeologies of Memory, Oxford (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774304).
Ashmore, W. – Knapp, A. B. (1999): Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, Malden.
Assmann, J. (1997a): La memoria culturale: scrittura, ricordo e identità politica nelle grandi civiltà antiche (=Biblioteca Einaudi 2), Torino.
Assmann, J. (1997b): Moses, the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Cambridge (https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674020306).
Bakke, J. (2008): Forty Rivers. Landscape and Memory in the District of Ancient Tegea, PhD, University of Bergen, Bergen.
Barrett, J. C. (1994): Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC, Oxford.
Barringer, J. M. – Hurwit, J. M. (eds.), (2005): Periklean Athens and Its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives, Austin.
Bérard, V. (1889): “Inscription archaïque de Tégée”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 13, 281-293 (https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1889.3907).
Bérard, V. (1892): “Tégée et la Tégéatide”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 16, 529-549 (https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1892.3814).
Berleant, A. (1992): The Aesthetics of Environment, Philadelphia.
Birge, D. E. (1984): Sacred Groves in the Ancient World, Ann Arbor.
Borgeaud, P. (1979): Recherches sur le dieu Pan (=Bibliotheca Helvetica Romana 17), Genève.
Bourdieu, P. (1971): “Genèse et structure du champ religieux”, Revue Française de Sociologie 12, 205-334 (https://doi.org/10.2307/3320234).
Bourdieu, P. (1977): “Sur le pouvoir symbolique”, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 32/3, 405-411 (https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1977.293828).
Bourdieu, P. (1979): “Symbolic Power”, Critique of Anthropology 13-14, 77-85 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X7900401307).
Bradley, R. J. (1987): “Time Regained: The Creation of Continuity”, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 140, 1-17 (https://doi.org/10.1179/jba.1987.140.1.1).
Bradley, R. J. (1991a): “Ritual, Time and History”, World Archaeology 23/2, 209-219 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1991.9980173).
Bradley, R. J. (1991b): “Monuments and Places”, [in] P. Garwood – D. Jennings – R. Skeates – J. Toms (eds.), Sacred and Profane. Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Ritual and Religion (=Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 32), Oxford, 135-140.
Bradley, R. J. (1993): Altering the Earth: The Origin of Monuments in Britain and Continental Europe (=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series 8), Edinburgh.
Bradley, R. J. (2000): An Archaeology of Natural Places, London (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203630228).
Bradley, R. J. (2003): “The Translation of Time”, [in] Alcock – Van Dyke (eds.), 2003, 221-227. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774304).
Brelich, A. (1969): Paides e parthenoi, Roma.
Brulotte, E. L. (1995): The Placement of Votive Offerings and Dedications in the Peloponnesian Sanctuaries of Artemis, PhD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Burelli, L. (1995): Tra ethne e póleis: pagine di storia arcade, Pisa.
Callmer, C. (1943): Studien zur Geschichte Arkadiens bis zur Gründung des arkadischen Bundes, Lund.
Cardete, M.ª C. (2005a): Paisajes mentales y religiosos de la frontera suroeste arcadia: épocas arcaica y clásica (=BAR International Series 1365), Oxford.
Cardete, M.ª C. (2005b): “La polis como articulación social: el caso arcadio”, Gerión 23/1, 81-99.
Cardete, M.ª C. (2016): El dios Pan y los paisajes pánicos: de la figura divina al paisaje religioso (=Editorial Universidad de Sevilla. Historia 303), Sevilla.
(forthcoming): “Travelling and the Construction of Tradition: Pausanias and Arkadia”, [in] D. Chapinal – Ch. Mauro – M. Valdés (eds.), People in Motion in the Ancient Greek World, Sevilla.
Chandezon, Ch. (2003): L’élevage en Grèce (fin Ve-fin Ier s. a. C.). L’apport des sources épigraphiques (=Ausonius Éditions. Scripta Antiqua 5), Bordeaux.
Chapman, J. (2009): “Notes on Memory-Work and Materiality”, [in] I. Barbiera – A. M. Choyke – J. A. Rasson (eds.), Materializing Memory: Archaeological Material Culture and the Semantics of the Past (=BAR International Series 1977), Oxford, 7-16.
Children, G. – Nash, G. (1997): “Establishing a Discourse: The Language of Landscape”, [in] Nash (ed.), 1997, 1-4.
Connerton, P. (1989): How Societies Remember, Cambridge (https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628061).
Connerton, P. (2006): “Cultural Memory”, [in] Tilley et alii (eds.), 2006, 315-324.
David, B. – Thomas, J. (eds.), (2008): Handbook of Landscape Archaeology, Walnut Creek (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315427737).
Demand, N. H. (1990): Urban Relocation in Archaic and Classical Greece. Flight and Consolidation, Bristol.
Dušanić, S. (1970): Arkadski Savez IV Veka (The Arcadian League of the Fourth Century), Belgrade.
Forbes, H. (2007): Meaning and Identity in a Greek Landscape. An Archaeological Ethnography, Cambridge (https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720284).
Forsén, B. (2000): “Population and Political Strength of some Southeastern Arkadian Póleis”, [in] P. Flensted-Jensen (ed.), Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis (=Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 5), Stuttgart, 35-55.
García Quintela, M. V. (1989): “Esparta vs Tegea: entre la leyenda y la praxis social”, Gallaecia 11, 267-305.
Guarducci, M. (1952): “La legge dei tegeati intorno ai pascoli di Alea”, Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 80, 49-68.
Halbwachs, M. (1925): Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire, Paris.
Hammond, L. A. (1998): The Miniature Votive Vessels from the Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea, PhD, University of Missouri-Columbia, Ann Arbor.
Hejnic, J. (1961): Pausanias the Perieget and the Archaic History of Arcadia, Prague.
Hobsbawn, E. (2003): “Introduction: Inventing Traditions”, [in] E. Hobsbawn – T. Ranger (eds.), The invention of tradition, Cambridge, 1-14 (https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107295636).
Holtorf, C. J. (1997): “Megaliths, Monumentality and Memory”, Archaeological Review from Cambridge, An Archaeological Assortment 14/2, 45-66.
Hornblower, S. (1990): “When Was Megalopolis Founded?”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 85, 71-77 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400015574).
Hornblower, S. (1991): A Commentary on Thucydides. Vol. I: Books I-III, Oxford (https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198150992.book.1).
Ingold, T. (1995): “Building, Dwelling, Living: How Animals and People Make Themselves at Home in the World”, [in] M. Strathern (ed.), Shifting Contexts: Transformations in Anthropological Knowledge, London–New York, 57-80.
Isager, S. (1992): “Sacred Animals in Classical and Hellenistic Greece”, [in] T. Linders – B. Alroth (eds.), Economics of Cult in the Ancient Greek World. Proceedings of the Uppsala Symposium 1990 (=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Boreas 21), Uppsala, 15-20.
Jacob, Ch. (1993): “Paysage et bois sacré: ἅλσος dans la Périégèse de la Grèce de Pausanias”, [in] Les bois sacrés. Actes du Colloque International organisé par le Centre Jean Bérard et l’École Pratique des Hautes Études (Ve section), Naples, 23-25 novembre 1989 (=Collection du Centre Jean Bérard 10), Naples, 31-44 (https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pcjb.325).
Jameson, M. H. (1988): “Sacrifice and Animal Husbandry in Classical Greece”, [in] C. R. Whittaker (ed.), Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity (=Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 14), Cambridge, 87-119 (https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27h1pxv.7).
Jost, M. (1985): Sanctuaires et cultes d’Arcadie (=Études Péloponnésiennes 9), Paris.
Jost, M. (1999): “Les schémas de peuplement de l’Arcadie aux époques archaïque et classique” [in] Th. Nielsen – J. Roy (eds.), Defining Ancient Arkadia. Symposium, April 1-4, 1998. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 6 (=Historisk-Filosofiske Meddelelser 78), Copenhagen, 192-247.
Jost, M. (2010): “The Religious System in Arcadia”, [in] D. Ogden (ed.), A Companion to Greek Religion, Malden, 264–280 (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996911).
Jost, M. – Casevitz, M. – Marcadé, J. (ed., trans. and notes), (1998): Pausanias. Description de la Grèce, Tome VIII, Livre VIII, L’Arcadie, Paris.
Klein, K. L. (2000): “On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse”, Representations 69, 127-150 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2902903).
Lovell, N. (1998): Locality and Belonging, London–New York (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203450802).
Lowenthal, D. (1979): “Age and Artifact. Dilemmas of Appreciation”, [in] D. W. Meinig (ed.), The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, Oxford, 103-128.
Lyon Crawford, K. (2007): “Collecting, Defacing, Reinscribing (and otherwise Performing) Memory in the Ancient World”, [in] Yoffee (ed.), 2007, 10-42.
Meier, T. (2006): “On Landscape Ideologies: An Introduction”, [in] T. Meier (ed.), Landscape Ideologies (=Archaeolingua, Series minor 22), Budapest, 11-50.
Moggi, M. (1976): I sinecismi intestatali greci. Dalle origini al 338 a. C. (=Relazioni interstatali nel mondo antico. Fonti e studi 2), Pisa.
Moggi, M. – Osanna, M. (ed., trans. and notes), (2003): Pausania. Guida della Grecia. Libro VIII. L’Arcadia, Milano.
Moreno Leoni, A. M. (2018): “Imperio romano, globalidad y localidad en la Periégesis de Pausanias”, Studia Historica. Historia Antigua 36, 142-148 (https://doi.org/10.14201/shha201836135163).
Nafissi, M. (2014): “Erodoto, Sparta e gli oracoli su Tegea e Oreste”, Seminari Romani di Cultura Greca n. s. 3/2, 295-332.
Nash, G. (1997): “Monumentality and the Landscape: The Possible Symbolic and Political Distribution of Long Chambered Tombs around the Black Mountains, Central Wales”, [in] Nash (ed.), 1997, 17-30.
Nash, G. (ed.), (1997): Semiotics of Landscape: Archaeology of Mind (=BAR International Series 661), Oxford.
Nielsen, T. H. (1996): “A Survey of Dependant Póleis in Classical Arkadia”, [in] M. H. Hansen – K. Raaflaub (eds.), More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis (=Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 3. Historia Einzelschriften 108), Stuttgart, 63-105.
Nielsen, T. H. (2002): Arkadia and Its Póleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods (=Hypomnemata 140), Göttingen (https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666252396).
Nielsen, T. H. (2015): “The Arkadian Confederacy”, [in] H. Beck – P. Funke (eds.), Federalism in Greek Antiquity, Cambridge, 250-268 (https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139030953).
Nora, P. (dir.), (1997): Les lieux de mémoire, 3 vols., Paris.
Nordquist, G. C. (2013): “Each in Its Right Place. The Placing of the Votives at the Early Temples at Tegea”, [in] A. L. Schallin (ed.), Perspectives on Ancient Greece. Papers in Celebration of the 60th Anniversary of the Swedish Institute at Athens (=Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae 22), Stockholm, 103-112.
Ødegård, K. (2005): “The Topography of Ancient Tegea: New Discoveries and Old Problems”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2005, 209-221.
Ødegård, K. (2010): “Urban Planning in the Greek Motherland: Late Archaic Tegea”, [in] S. Sande (ed.), Public and Private in the Realm of the Ancient City, Rome, 9-22.
Ødegård, K. – Klempe, H. (2014): “The Sanctuary of Athena Alea and Its Setting”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2014, 27-36.
Østby, E. (1994a): “The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea: First Preliminary Report (1990-1992)”, OpAth 20, 89-141.
Østby, E. (1994b): “Recent Excavations in the Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea (1990-1993)”, [in] K. Sheedy (ed.), Archaeology in the Peloponnese. New Excavations and Research (=Oxbow Monograph 48), Oxford, 40-63.
Østby, E. (2014a): “The Sanctuary of Alea at Tegea in the Pre-Classical Period”, [in] E. Østby (ed.), Tegea I. Investigations in the Temple of Athena Alea 1991-1994 (=Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 3), Athens, 11-56.
Østby, E. (2014b): “The Classical Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2014, 317-351.
Østby, E. (2014c): “The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea: The Topographical Evidence”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2014, 11-26.
Østby, E. (ed.) (2005): Ancient Arcadia (=Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 8), Athens
Østby, E. (ed.) (2014): Tegea II. Investigations in the Sanctuary of Athena Alea 1990-94 and 2004 (=Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 4), Athens.
Pakkanen, J. (2014): “Observations on the Reconstruction of the Late Classical Temple of Athena Alea”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2014, 353-370.
Picard, Ch. (1933): “Remarques sur les sculptures monumentales du sanctuaire d’Aléa Athéna à Tégée I: L’autel fédéral”, REG 46, 381-422 (https://doi.org/10.3406/reg.1933.7139).
Pretzler, M. (1999): Pausanias’ Arkadia, PhD, University of Oxford, Oxford.
Proietti, G. (2012): “Memoria collettiva e identità étnica. Nuovi paradigmi teórico-metodologici nella ricerca storica”, [in] E. Franchi - G. Proietti (ed.), Forme della memoria e dinamiche identitarie nell’antichità greco-romana (=Università degli Studi di Trento. Quaderni 2), Trento, 13-40.
Queyrel, F. (2012): “Sculptures grecques et lieux de mémoire: nouvelles orientations de la recherche”, Perspective. Actualité en Histoire d’Art 1, 71-94 (https://doi.org/10.4000/perspective.544).
Rowlands, M. (1993): “The Role of Memory in the Transmission of Culture”, World Archaeology 25/2, 141-151 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1993.9980234).
Rowlands, M. – Tilley, Ch. (2006): “Monuments and Memorials”, [in] Tilley et alii (eds.), 2006, 500-515.
Roy, J. (2000): “Problems of Democracy in the Arcadian Confederacy 370-362 BC”, [in] R. Brock – S. Hodkinson (eds.), Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece, Oxford, 308-326 (https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258109.001.0001).
Roy, J. (2001): “Arkadia – How Far from the Greek Miracle?”, [in] D. von Papenfuß – V. M. Strocka (eds.), Gab es das Griechische Wunder? Griechenland zwischen dem Ende des 6. und der Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Mainz, 263-278.
Roy, J. (2005): “Synoikizing Megalopolis: The Scope of the Synoikism and the Interests of Local Arkadian Communities”, [in] Østby (ed.), 2005, 261-270.
Roy, J. (2007): “Perceptions of the Arkadian Landscape”, [in] P. N. Doukellis (ed.), Histoires de paysage. Rencontre scientifique de Santorin, Septembre, 1998 (=Archaiognosia, Suppl. 7), Athènes, 49-65.
Roy, J. (2009): “Living in the Mountains: Arkadian Identity in the Classical Period”, [in] M. Georgiadis – Ch. Gallou (eds.), The Past in the Past: The Significance of Memory and Tradition in the Transmission of Culture (=BAR International Series 1925), Oxford, 57-65 (https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407304076).
Roy, J. (2011): “On Seeming Backward: How the Arkadians Did It”, [in] S. D. Lambert (ed.), Sociable Man. Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher, Swansea, 66-85.
Scarre, C. (2011): “Monumentality”, [in] T. Insoll (ed.), Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, Oxford, 29-23 (https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232444.001.0001).
Schama, S. (1995): Landscape and Memory, London.
Scheid, J. – Polignac, F. de (2010): “Qu’est-ce qu’un “paysage religieux”? Représentations cultuelles de l’espace dans les sociétés anciennes Avant-propos”, Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 227/4, 427-434 (https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.7656).
Sealey, R. (1976): A History of the Greek City States, ca. 700-338 B.C, Berkeley.
Sheldrake, P. (2001): Spaces for the Sacred. Place, Memory and Identity, Baltimore.
Smith, T. J. (2021): Religion in the Art of Archaic and Classical Greece, Philadelphia.
Stewart, A. F. (1977): Scopas of Paros, New Jersey.
Thomas, J. (1996): Time, Culture and Identity: An Interpretative Archaeology, London–New York (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203054550).
Thomas, J. (2001): “Archaeologies of Place and Landscape”, [in] I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today, Cambridge, 165-186.
Thomas, J. (2008): “Archaeology, Landscape and Dwelling”, [in] David – Thomas (eds.), 2008, 300-306 (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315427737).
Tilley, Ch. (2004): The Materiality of Stone: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology 1, Oxford–New York (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003087083).
Tilley, Ch. (2006): “Introduction. Identity, Place, Landscape and Heritage”, Journal of Material Culture 11/1-2, 7-32 (https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183506062990).
Tilley, Ch. (2010): Interpreting Landscapes. Geologies, Topographies, Identities. Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology 3, Walnut Creek (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315426297).
Tilley, Ch. – Keane, W. – Küchler, S. – Rowlands, M. – Spyer, P. (eds.), (2006): Handbook of Material Culture, London (https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848607972).
Tsiolis, V. (2018): “Entre la unión y el enfrentamiento. La búsqueda de modelos hegemónicos en las póleis protagonistas de Arcadia durante el siglo IV a.C.”, [in] J. Pascual – B. Antela-Bernárdez – D. Gómez Castro (eds.), Cambio y pervivencia. El mundo griego en el s. IV a. C., Madrid, 153-167.
Van Dyke, R. M. (2008): “Memory, Place and the Memorialization of Landscape”, [in] David – Thomas (eds.), 2008, 277-284 (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315427737).
Veronese, F. (2006): Lo spazio e la dimensione del sacro. Santuari greci e territorio nella Sicilia arcaica (=Saggi di antichità e tradizione classica 24), Padova.
Voyatzis, M. E. (1990): The Early Sanctuary of Athena Alea in Tegea and Other Archaic Sanctuaries in Arcadia (=Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 97), Göteborg.
Voyatzis, M. E. (1998): “From Athena to Zeus: An A-Z Guide to the Origins of Greek Goddesses”, [in] L. Goodison – Ch. Morris (eds.), Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence, London, 133-147.
Voyatzis, M. E. (2004): “The Cult of Athena Alea at Tegea and Its Transformation over Time”, [in] M. Wedde (ed.), Celebrations. Selected Papers and Discussions from the Tenth Anniversary Symposion of the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 12-16 May 1999 (=Papers from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 6), Bergen, 187-204.
Winter, F. E. (1991): “Early Doric Temples in Arkadia”, Echos du Monde Classique 25 n.s. 10, 193-220.
Wiznura, A. – Williamson, Ch. G. (2018-2020): “Mountains of Memory. Triangulating Landscape, Cult, and Regional Identity through Zeus”, Pharos 24, 77-112 (https://doi.org/10.2143/PHA.24.03289832).
Yoffee, N. (2007): “Peering into the Palimpsest. An Introduction to the Volume”, [in] Yoffee (ed.), 2007, 1-9.
Yoffee, N. (ed.), (2007): Negotiating the Past in the Past. Identity, Memory and Landscape in Archaeological Research, Tucson.
##submission.format##
##submission.crossmark##
Licença
La revista Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
