Domitian and the provincial imperial cult: Imitation or imposition?
- Diego M. Escámez de Vera Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Abstract
The implantation of the imperial cult at provincial and local level was one of the keys of the process of adaptation of the imperial cult by the Flavian dynasty. In the present paper, we will analyze to what extent the similarities and differences between the central imperial cult and the provincial one in Domitian’s times could be direct consequences of a central imposition of a new standard of imperial cultDownloads
References
Alföldy, G. (1996): “Subject and ruler, subjects and methods: and attempt at a conclusion”, [en] A. Small (ed.), Subject and Ruler: the cult of the ruling power in Classical Antiquity, Ann Arbor, 252-261.
Alföldy, G. (1998): “Traianus pater und die Bauinschrift des Nymphäums von Milet”, Revue des études anciennes 100, 3/4, 367-399 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.1998.4734).
Arce, J. (1988): Funus Imperatorum: los funerales de los emperadores romanos, Madrid.
Barrett, J. C. (1997): “Romanization: a critical comment”, [en] D. Mattingly (ed.), Dialogues in Roman Imperialism. Power, discourse and discrepant experience in the Roman Empire, Portsmouth, 51-64.
Bean, G. E. – Mitford, T. B. (1970): Journeys in rough Cilicia, 1964-1968, Cologne.
Beard, M. – North, J. – Price, S. (eds.), (2000): Religions of Rome, vol. I, Cambridge.
Bendlin, A. (1997): “Peripheral Centres – Central Peripheries: Religious Communication in the Roman Empire”, [en] H. Cancik – J. Rüpke (eds.), Römische Reichsreligion und Provinzialreligion, Tübingen, 35-68.
Blanckenhagen, P. H. (1940): Flavische Architektur und ihre Dekoration untersucht am Nervaforum, Berlin.
Boyle, A. J. (2003): “Introduction”, [en] A. J. Boyle – W. J. Dominik (eds.), Flavian Rome: Culture, Image, Text, Leiden, 1-67
Burrell, B. (2004): Neokoroi. Greek Cities and Roman Emperors, Leiden.
Buttrey, T. V. (2007): “Domitian, the Rhinoceros, and the Date of Martial’s Liber De Spectaculis”, Journal of Roman Studies 97, 101-112 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S007543580001488X).
Caldelli, M. L. (1993): L’Agon Capitolinus. Storia e protagonisti dall'instituzione. Domizianea al IV secolo, Roma.
Carradice, I. (1982): A Catalogue of Roman Coins, Augustus to Commodus, in the Collections of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edimburg.
Coarelli, F. (1995a): “Divorum, Porticus, Templum”, [en] Steinby (ed.), 1995, 19-20.
Coarelli, F. (1995b): “Gens Flavia, templum”, [en] Steinby (ed.), 1995, 368-369.
Coarelli, F. (2009): “I Flavi e Roma”, [en] Coarelli (ed.), 2009, 68-97.
Coarelli, F. (ed.), (2009): Divus Vespasianus, Roma.
Dabrowa, E. (1996): “The Origin of the Templum Gentis Flaviae: A Hypothesis”, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 41, 153-161 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4238739).
Daltrop, G. – Hausmann, U. – Wegner, M. (1966): Die Flavier: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian Nerva, Julia Titi, Domitilla, Domitia, Berlin.
Darwall-Smith, R. H. (1996): Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome, Bruxelles.
De Angeli, S. (1992): Templum Divi Vespasiani, Roma.
De Angeli, S. (1999): “Vespasianus, Divus, Templum”, [en] Steinby (ed.), 1999, 124-125.
De Caprariis, F. (1996): “Minerva Chalcidica, templum”, [en] Steinby (ed.), 1996, 255.
Dupré i Raventós, X. (1990): “Un gran complejo provincial de época flavia en Tarragona: aspectos cronológicos”, [en] Trillmich – Zanker (eds.), 1990, 319-324.
Edmonson, J. (2015): “The Roman emperor and the local communities of the Roman Empire” [en] J.-L. Ferrary – J. Scheid (eds.) Il princeps romano: autocrate o magistrato? Fattori giuridici e fattori sociali del potere imperiale da Augusto a Commodo, Pavia, 701-729.
Escámez de Vera, D. M. (2016): Sodales Flaviales Titiales: Culto imperial y legitimación en época Flavia (=Collection Latomus 356), Bruxelles.
Fishwick, D. (1965): “Vae Pvto Devs Fio”, Classical Quarterly 15/1, 155-157 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000983880000879X).
Fishwick, D. (1991): The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, I, 1, Leiden.
Fishwick, D. (1996): “Four temples at Tarraco”, [en] A. Small (ed.), Subject and Ruler: the cult of the ruling power in Classical Antiquity, Ann Arbor, 165-184.
Fishwick, D. (2002a): The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, III, 1, Leiden.
Fishwick, D. (2002b): The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, III, 2, Leiden.
Fishwick, D. (2004): The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, III, 3, Leiden.
Fishwick, D. (2009): “Il culto imperiale”, [en] Coarelli (ed.), 2009, 344-347.
Friesen, S. J. (1993): Twice Neokoros: Ephesus, Asia and the Cult of the Flavian Imperial Family, Leiden.
Gabelmann, H. (1969): “Altäre im Kapitol von Brescia”, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 76, 219-238.
Gayraud, M. (1981): Narbonne antique des origines à la fin du IIIe siècle (=Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise, Suppl. 8), Paris.
Gazda, E. K. (1996a): “Discovery, Dispersion, Detection, Reunion. The Hartwig-Kelsey Fragments between Rome and Ann Arbor”, [en] Gazda – Haeckl (eds.), 1996, 4-10.
Gazda, E. K. (1996b): “The Domitianic Marble Fragments and the Formation of the Kelsey Museum”, [en] Gazda – Haeckl (eds.), 1996, 59-60.
Gazda, E. K. – Haeckl, A. E. (eds.), (1996): Images of the Empire. Flavian Fragments in Rome and Ann Arbor Rejoined, Ann Arbor.
Giobbe, C. (2013): “Roman Temples in Rough Cilicia: a diachronic analysis”, [en] M. C. Hoff – F. Rhys (eds.), Rough Cilicia. New Historical and Archaeological Approaches, Oxford, 128-143.
González Herrero, M. (2009): “La organización sacerdotal del culto imperial”, [en] J. Andreu Pintado – J. Cabrero Piquero – I. Rodà de Llanza (coords.), Hispaniae: las provincias hispanas en el mundo romano (=Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica. Documenta 11), Tarragona, 439-452.
Gordon, R. (2011): “The Roman Imperial Cult and the Question of Power”, [en] J. A. North – S. R. F. Price (eds.), The Religious History of the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews and Christians, Oxford, 36-70.
Goudineau, C. (1998): Regards sur la Gaule, Paris.
Gracco Ruggini, L. (1981): “L’imperatore, il Serapeo e i filosofi”, Contributi dell’Istituto di Storia Antica 7, 183-212.
Gradel, I. (2002): Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, Oxford.
Graindor, P. (1922): Chronologie des archontes athéniens sous l’empire, Bruxelles.
Haberey, W. (1960): “Römische Brandgräberggrupe in der Ecke Adolfstrasse”, Bonner Jahrbücher 160, 285-300.
Haeckl, A. E. (1996): “Dynasty, Religion, Topography, Architecture. The Roman Contexts of the Templum Gentis Flaviae”, [en] Gazda – Haeckl, (eds.), 1996, 11-25.
Hill, P. V. (1989): The Monuments of Ancient Rome as Coin Types, London.
Hölscher, T. (2009): “Relievi provenienti da monumenti statali del templo dei Flavi”, [en] Coarelli (ed.), 2009, 46-61.
Jones, B. W. (1984): The Emperor Titus, London.
Keil, J. (1932): “XVI: Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Ephesos”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien 27, 5-72.
Knibbe, D. (1980): “Ephesos vom Beginn der römischen Herrschaft im Kleinasien bis zum Ende der Principatzeit, A Historischer Teil”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2.7.2, 748-810.
Koppel, E. M. (1990): “Relieves arquitectónicos de Tarragona”, [en] Trillmich – Zanker (eds.), 1990, 327-339.
La Rocca, E. (2009): “Il Templum Gentis Flaviae”, [en] Coarelli (ed.), 2009, 225-233.
Le Roux, P. (2004): “La romanisation en question”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 59/2, 287-311.
Levick, B. (1982): “Domitian and the Provinces”, Latomus 41/1, 50-73.
Levick, B. (1999): Vespasian, London.
Lozano, F. (2011): “The creation of Imperial gods: not only imposition versus spontaneity”, [en] P. P. Iossif – A. S. Chankowski – C. Lorber (eds.), More than men, less than gods: studies on royal cult and imperial worship, Leuven, 475-519.
Luke, T. S. (2010): “A Healing Touch for Empire: Vespasian’s Wonders in Domitianic Rome”, Greece and Rome 57/1, 77-106 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0017383509990295).
Maderna, C. (1988): Jupiter, Diomedes und Merkur als Vorbilder für römische Bildnisstatuen, Heidelberg.
Marco Simón, F. (1996): Flamen Dialis. El sacerdote de Júpiter en la religión romana, Madrid.
Marco Simón, F. (2004): “Lex Narbonensis y el agon capitolinus: El sacerdote de Júpiter en la política religiosa de los Flavios”, [en] L. Hernández Guerra – J. Alvar Ezquerra (eds.), Jerarquías religiosas y control social en el mundo antiguo. Actas del XXVII Congreso internacional GIREA (=ARYS 9), Valladolid, 417-422.
Marquardt, J. (1890): Le Culte chez les Romains, vols. 1-2, Paris.
Masier, A. (2009): Sodales. Dalle Origini a Domiziano, Padova.
Mattingly, D. J. (2004): “Being Roman. Expressing Identity in a provincial setting”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 17, 5-25 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S104775940000814X).
McFayden, D. (1915): “The Date of the Arch of Titus”, The Classical Journal 11/l, 131-141.
McKay, A. G. (1998): “Domitianic construction at Cumae (Campania)”, [en] G. Schmeling – J. D. Mikalson (eds.), Qui Miscuit Utile Dulci: Festschrift Essays for Paul Lachlan MacKendric, Wauconda, 223-242.
Meriç, R. (1985): “Rekonstruktionsversuch der Kolossalstatue des Domitian in Ephesos”, [en] Pro Arte Antiqua: Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner 2, Wien, 239-241.
Millar, F. (1966): “The Emperor, the Senate and the Provinces”, Journal of Roman Studies 56, 156-166 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300142).
Millar, F. (1992): The Emperor in the Roman World, London.
Momigliano, A. (1975): “Sodales Flaviales Titiales e culto di Giove”, [en] A. Momigliano, Quinto contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico,1, Roma, 657-666.
Nock, A. D. (1930): “Σύνναος θεός”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 41, 1-62 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/310624).
Oliver, J. H. (1942): “Greek Inscriptions”, Hesperia 11, 29-90.
Pailler, J. M. (1989): “Domitien, la 'loi des Narbonnais' et le culte impérial dans les provinces senatoriales d’Occident”, Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise 22, 171-189 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ran.1989.1338).
Peña Jurado, A. (2009): “La decoración escultórica”, [en] R. Ayerbe Vélez – T. Barrientos Vera – F. Palma García (coords.), El Foro de Augusta Emerita. Génesis y evolución de sus recintos monumentales (=Anejos de AEspA LIII), Mérida, 583-622.
Plácido, D. (2002): “Leyes municipales y símbolos de poder: los fundamentos sociales de la dinastía flavia”, Memorias de historia antigua 23-24, 9-20.
Price, S. R. F. (1984): Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge.
Price, S. R. F. (1987): “From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman Emperors”, [en] D. Cannadine – S. Price (eds.), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Cambridge, 56-105.
Ranucci, S. (2009): “La monetazione dei Flavi. Caratteri generali e aspetti tipologici”, [en] Coarelli (ed.), 2009, 358-367.
Richard, J. C. (1966): “Tombeaux des empereurs et temples des divi: Notes sur la signification religieuse des sépultures imperials à Rome”, Revue de l’histoire des religions 170/2, 127-142 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1966.8411).
Richardson Jr., L. (1976): “The Villa Publica and the Divorum”, [en] L. Bonfante – H. von Heintze (eds.), In Memoriam Otto J. Brendel. Essays in Archaeology and the Humanities, Mainz, 159-162.
Rodríguez Almeida, E. (1994): “Marziale in marmo”, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 106/1, 197-217 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1994.1845).
Rosso, E. (2007): “Culte imperial et image dynastique: les divi et divae de la Gens Flavia”, [en] T. Nogales – J. González (eds.), Culto Imperial: política y poder (=L’Erma di Bretschneider. Hispania Antigua. Serie Arqueológica 1), Roma, 125-151.
Sánchez, M. (2002): “Das Säulenmonument der Heiligen Eulalia in Mérida”, Madrider Mitteilungen 41, 322-354.
Scheid, J. (1990): Romulus et ses frères. Le collège des frères arvales, modèle du culte public dans la Rome des empereurs, Roma.
Scott, K. (1936): Imperial Cult under the Flavians, Stuttgart.
Siebert, A. V. (1999): Instrumenta Sacra. Untersuchungen zu römischen Opfer, Kult, und Priestergeräten, Berlin.
Steinby, E. M. (ed.), (1995-1999): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae 2-5, Roma.
Steuernagel, D. (2010): “Synnaos Theos. Images of Roman Emperors in Greek Temples”, [en] J. Mylonopoulos (ed.), Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome, Leiden–Boston, 241-255.
Suess, J. (2011): Divine Justification: Flavian Imperial Cult, Oxford.
Torelli, M. (1987): “Culto imperiale e spazi urbani in eta flavia: Dai rilievi Hartwig all’arco di Tito”, [en] L’Urbs: Espace urbain et histoire (I siecle av. J.-C. – III siecle ap. J.C.). Actes du colloque international organisé par le Centre national de la recherche scientifique et l'Ecole française de Rome (Rome, 8-12 mai 1985), Roma, 563-582.
Trillmich, W. – Zanker, P. (eds.), (1990): Stadtbild und Ideologie. Die Monumentalisierung hispanisher Städte zwische Republik und Kaserzeit, München.
Van Der Meer, L. B. (2009): “The temple on the Piazzale delle Corporazioni in Ostia antica”, Babesch, bulletin antieke beschaving 84, 163-170 (http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2143/BAB.84.0.2041642).
Varner, E. R. (2004): Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture, Leiden.
Virgili, P. (1987): “Lo stadio di Domiziano. Il certamen Capitolino Iovi”, [en] Lo Sport nel mondo antico. Ludi, munera, Certamina a Roma, Roma, 71-78.
Webster, J. (2001): “Creolizing the Roman provinces”, American Journal of Archaeology 105, 209-225 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507271).
Williamson, C. H. (1987): “A Roman Law from Narbona”, Athenaeum 65, 173-189.
Witschel, C. (1995): “Römische Kaiserstatuen als Tempelkultbilder”, [en] K. Stemmer (ed.), Standorte. Kontext und Funktion antiker Skulptur, Berlin, 253-257.
Woolf, G. (1998): Becoming Roman. The origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, Cambridge.
Woolf, G. (2012): “Divinity and power in Ancient Rome”, [en] N. Brisch (ed.), Religion and power: divine kingship in the Ancient world and beyond, Chicago, 243-259.
Woolf, G. (2014): “Romanization 2.0 and its alternatives”, Archaeological Dialogues 2, 45-50 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203814000087).
Article download
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
