Mobility and Stability of the Population in the Roman World: A Methodological and Historiographical Discussion
- Greg Woolf Institute of Classical Studies. London
Abstract
This paper examines the potential for human mobility in the ancient world and in particular in the Roman Empire. It begins from a consideration of Horden and Purcell’s The Corrupting Sea and also draws on studies of mobility conducted by prehistorians and by historical demographers working on more recent periods. Detailed information on the phenomenon is lacking. Nevertheless is it possible to argue from this that the extent of mobility was relatively limited, yet still sufficient to maintain important levels of connectivity across the Roman World.
Downloads
References
Adams, C. (2007): Land transport in Roman Egypt. A study of economics and administration in a Roman province, Oxford (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203970.001.0001).
Adams, C. – Laurence, R. (eds.), (2001): Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire, London.
Adams, C. – Roy, J. (eds.), (2007): Travel, Geography and Culture in Ancient Greece, Egypt and the Near East (=Leicester–Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society 10), Oxford.
Adams, W. Y. – Van Gerven, D. P. – Levy, R. S. (1978): “The Retreat from Migrationism”, Annual Review of Anthropology 7, 483-532 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.07.100178.002411).
Alcock, S. E. – Bodel, J. – Talbert, R. J. A. (eds.), (2012): Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-Modern World (=Ancient World, Comparative Histories 5), Malden (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118244326).
Anthony, D. W. (1990): “Migration in Archeology. The Baby and the bathwater”, American Anthropologist 92/4, 895-914 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00030).
Anthony, D. W. (1992): “The Bath refilled. Migration in Archeology again”, American Anthropologist 94/1, 174-176 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00140).
Bickerman, E. (1952): “Origines Gentium”, Classical Philology 47, 65-81 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/363470).
Blake, E. (2008): “The Mycenaeans in Italy. A Minimalist Position”, Papers of the British School at Rome 76, 1-34 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200000398).
Bowman, A. – Wilson, A. (eds.) (2009): Quantifying the Roman Economy. Methods and problems, Oxford (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562596.001.0001).
Bowman, A. – Wilson, A. (eds.) (2011): Settlement, Urbanization, and Population, Oxford (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602353.001.0001).
Braunert, H. (1964): Die Binnenwanderung. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte Ägyptens in des Ptolemäer- und Kaiserzeit (=Bonner historische Forschungen 26), Bonn.
Bresson, A. (2005): “Ecology and Beyond. The Mediterranean Paradigm”, [en] Harris (ed.), 2005, 94-114.
Broodbank, C. (2006): “The Origins and Early Development of Mediterranean Maritime Activity”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19/2, 199-230 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1558//jmea.2006.v19i2.199).
Broodbank, C. (2010): “Ships a-sail from over the rim of the sea. Voyaging, sailing and the making of Mediterranean societies c. 3500-800 BC.”, [en] A. J. Anderson – J. H. Barrett – K. V. Boyle (eds.), The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring, Cambridge, 249-264.
Broodbank, C. (2013): The Making of the Middle Sea. A history of the Mediterranean from the beginning to the emergence of the classical world, New York–Oxford.
Brunt, P. A. (1971): Italian Manpower 225 B.C. - A.D. 14, Oxford.
Bruun, Ch. (2010): “Water, oxygen isotopes and immigration to Ostia-Portus”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 23, 109-132 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400002324).
Casson, L. (1974): Travel in the Ancient World, Baltimore–London.
Champion, T. C. (2013): “Protohistoric European Migrations”, [en] Ness (ed.), 2013, 2463- 2468 (http://doi.org./10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm425).
Collar, A. (2007): “Network Theory and Religious Innovation”, Mediterranean Historical Review 22/2, 149-162 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518960701539372).
Collar, A. (2011): “Military Networks and the Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus”, [en] E. Winter (ed.), Von Kummuh nach Telouch. Historische und archäologische Untersuchungen in Kommagene. Dolichener und Kommagenische Forschungen 4., Bonn, 217-245.
Collar, A. (2013): Religious Networks in the Roman Empire. The spread of new ideas, Cambridge.
Collett, D. (1987): “A contribution to the study of migrations in the archaeological record: the Ngoni and Kokolo migrations as a case study”, [en] I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeology as Long-term history, Cambridge, 105-116.
Constantakopoulou, Ch. (2007): The Dance of the Islands. Insularity, networks, the Athenian Empire and the Aegean World, Oxford (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215959.001.0001).
Cunliffe, B. W. (2008): Europe between the Oceans. Themes and variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000, New Haven–London.
De Ligt, L. – Northwood, S. (eds.), (2008): People, Land and Politics. Demographic developments and the transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC - AD 14 (=Mnemosyne Supplements 303), Leiden.
Deman, A. (2002): “Avec les utriculaires sur les sentiers muletiers de la Gaule romaine”, Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 13, 233-246 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ccgg.2002.1567).
Diamond, J. M. (1977): “Colonization cycles in man and beast”, World Archaeology 8/3, 249- 261 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1977.9979671).
Dommelen, P. van – Knapp, B. A. (eds.), (2010): Material Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean. Mobility, Materiality and Identity, London–New York.
Earle, T. – Gamble, C. – Poinar, H. (2011): “Migration”, [en] A. Shryock – D. L. Smail (eds.), Deep History. The Architecture of Past and Present, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London, 191-218.
Eckardt, H. (ed.), (2010): Roman Diasporas. Archaeological approaches to mobility and diversity in the Roman empire (=Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement 78), Portsmouth.
Eckardt, H. – Chenery, C. – Leach, S. – Lewis, M. – Müldner, G. – Nimmo, E. (2010): “A long way from home: diaspora communities in Roman Britain”, [en] Eckardt (ed.), 2010, 99-130.
Edwards, C. – Woolf, G. (eds.), (2003): Rome the Cosmopolis, New York.
Eidinow, E. (2011): “Networks and Narratives. A model for ancient Greek religion”, Kernos 24, 9-38 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/kernos.1925).
Elsner, J. – Rutherford, I. (eds.), (2005): Pilgrimage in Graeco-Roman and early Christian Antiquity. Seeing the gods, Oxford.
Erdkamp, P. (2008): “Mobility and migration in Italy in the second century BC.”, [en] de Ligt – Northwood (eds.), 2008, 417-449.
Fentress, J. – Fentress, E. (2001): “Review Article. The Hole in the Doughnut”, Past and Present 173, 203-219.
Fernández-Götz, M. (2014): Identity and Power. The transformation of Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul (=Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 21), Amsterdam.
Finley, M. I. (1973): The Ancient Economy (=Sather Classical Lectures 43), Berkeley.
Forni, G. (1953): Il reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milano.
Frier, B. W. (2000): “Demography”, [en] A. Bowman – P. Garnsey – D. Rathbone (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, volume XI. The High Empire, A.D. 70-192, Cambridge, 787-816 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521263351.028).
Garnsey, P. (1988): Famine and Food Supply in the Greco-Roman World. Responses to risk and crisis, Cambridge (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511583827).
Gibbs, M. (2012): “Manufacture, trade and the economy”, [en] Ch. Riggs (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, Oxford, 38-55 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0004).
Graham, S. (2006): “Networks, Agent-Based Models and the Antonine Itineraries. Implications for Roman Archaeology”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19/1, 45-64 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmea.2006.19.1.45).
Granovetter, M. S. (1973): “The Strength of Weak Ties”, American Journal of Sociology 78/6, 1360-1380 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/225469).
Haley, E. W. (1991): Migration and Economy in Roman Imperial Spain (=Aurea Saecula 5), Barcelona.
Halstead, P. – O’Shea, J. (1982): “A friend in need is a friend indeed. Social storage and the origins of social ranking”, [en] C. Renfrew – St. Shennan (eds.), Ranking, Resources and Exchange. Aspects of the archaeology of early European society, Cambridge, 92-99.
Handley, M. (2011): Dying on foreign shores. Travel and mobility in the late antique west (=Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement 86), Portsmouth.
Harris, W. V. (1980): “Towards a study of the Roman slave trade”, [en] J. H. D’Arms – E. C. Kopff (eds.), The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome (=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rom 36), Rome, 117-140 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4238700).
Harris, W. V. (1999): “Demography, geography and the sources of Roman slaves”, Journal of Roman Studies 89, 62-75 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300734).
Harris, W. V. (2005): “The Mediterranean and Ancient History”, [en] Harris (ed.), 2005, 1-42.
Harris, W. V. (2011): The Roman Imperial Economy. Twelve essays, Oxford.
Harris, W. V. (2013): The Ancient Mediterranean Environment between Science and History (=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 39), Leiden–Boston.
Harris, W. V. (ed.), (2005): Rethinking the Mediterranean, Oxford.
Harris, W. V. – Iara, K. (eds.), (2011): Maritime Technology in the Ancient Economy. Shipdesign and navigation (=Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement 94), Portsmouth.
Haynes, I. (2013): Blood of the Provinces. The Roman Auxilia and the making of provincial society from Augustus to Diocletian, Oxford.
Hin, S. (2013): The Demography of Roman Italy. Population Dynamics in an Ancient Conquest Society 201 BCE–14 CE, Cambridge (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0208).
Hitchner, R. B. (2012): “Roads, Integration, Connectivity and Economic Performance in the Roman Empire”, [en] Alcock – Bodel – Talbert (eds.), 2012, 222-234 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118244326.ch11).
Hopkins, K. (1978): Conquerors and Slaves (=Sociological Studies in Roman History 1), Cambridge.
Hopkins, K. (1978a): “Economic Growth and Towns in Classical Antiquity”, [en] Ph. Abrams – E. A Wrigley (eds.), Towns in Societies. Essays in economic history and historical sociology, Cambridge, 35-77.
Hopkins, K. (1980): “Taxes and Trade in the Roman empire (200 BC-AD 400)”, Journal of Roman Studies 70, 101-125 (http://dx.doi.org./10.2307/299558).
Hopkins, K. (1995/6): “Rome, taxes, rents and trade”, Kodai 6/7, 41-75.
Hopkins, K. (2000): “Rent, taxes, trade and the City of Rome”, [en] E. Lo Cascio (ed.), Mercati permanenti e mercato periodi nel mondo romano. Atti degli Incontri capresi di storia dell’economia antica (Capri 13-15 ottobre 1997), Bari, 253-267.
Horden, P. (2005): “Travel sickness. Medicine and mobility in the Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Renaissance” [en] Harris (ed.), 2005, 179-199.
Horden, P. – Purcell, N. (2000): The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean history, Oxford.
Hunt, E. (1982): Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire AD 312-460, Oxford.
Keppie, L. J. F. (1983): Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy 47-14 BC, London.
Killgrove, K. (2010): “Identifying immigrants to Imperial Rome using strontium isotope analysis”, [en] Eckardt (ed.), 2010, 157-174.
Kneissl, P. (1981): “Die Utricularii. Ihr Rolle im gallo-römischen Transportwesen und Weinhandel”, Bonner Jahrbücher 181, 169-203.
Kolb, A. (2000): Transport und Nachrichtentransfer im Römischen Reich (=Klio. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte. Beihefte, neue Folge, Bd. 2), Berlin.
Kolb, A. (2001): “Transport and Communication in the Roman State. The cursus publicus”, [en] Adams – Laurence (eds.), 2001, 95-105.
Krier, J. (1981): Die Treverer außerhalb ihrer Civitas. Mobilität und Aufstieg (=Trierer Zeitschrift Beihefte 5), Trier.
Lane Fox, R. (2008): Travelling Heroes. Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer, London.
Laurence, R. (1999): The Roads of Roman Italy. Mobility and cultural change, London.
Leach, St. – Lewis, M. – Chenery, C. – Müldner, G. – Eckardt, H. (2009): “Migration and diversity in Roman Britain. A multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140, 546- 561 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21104).
Liu, J. (2009): Collegia Centonariorum. The guilds of textile dealers in the Roman West (=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 34), Leiden–Boston.
Lo Cascio, E. (2006): “Did the population of imperial Rome reproduce itself?”, [en] Storey (ed.), 2006, 52-68.
Maas, M. – Ruths, D. (2012): “Road Connectivity and the Structure of Ancient Empires. A case study from late antiquity”, [en] Alcock – Bodel – Talbert (eds.), 2012, 255-264 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118244326.ch13).
Malkin, I. (2005): “Networks and the emergence of Greek identity”, [en] Malkin (ed.), 2005, 56-74.
Malkin, I. (2011): A Small Greek World. Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean, New York.
Malkin, I. (ed.), (2005): Mediterranean Paradigms and Classical Antiquity, London–New York.
Malkin, I. – Constantakopoulou, Ch. – Panagopoulou, K. (eds.), (2009): Greek and Roman Networks in the Mediterranean, London–New York.
Manning, S. W. – Hulin, L. (2005): “Maritime commerce and geographies of mobility in the late Bronze Age of the eastern Mediterranean: problematizations”, [en] E. Blake – A. B. Knapp (eds.), The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, Malden–Oxford–Carlton, 270-302 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470773536.ch11).
Matthews, J. F. (1989): “Hostages, philosophers, pilgrims, and the diffusion of ideas in the late Roman Mediterranean and Near East”, [en] F. M. Clover – R. S. Humphreys (eds.), Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity, Madison, 29-49.
Matthews, J. F. (2006): The journey of Theophanes. Travel, business, and daily life in the Roman east, New Haven.
Mitchell, St. (1976): “Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire. A New Inscription from Pisidia”, Journal of Roman Studies 66, 106-131 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/299783).
Mitchell, St. (1982): “The Requisitioning Edict of Sex. Sotidius Strabo Libuscidianus”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 45, 99-100.
Moatti, C. (2006): “Translation, Migration, and Communication in the Roman Empire. Three aspects
of movement in history”, Classical Antiquity 25/1, 109-140 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2006.25.1.109).
Moatti, C. (2013): “Immigration and Cosmopolitanization”, [en] P. Erdkamp (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome, Cambridge, 77-92 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139025973).
Moatti, C. (dir.), (2004): La mobilité des personnes en Méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne. Procédures de contrôle et documents d’identification (=Collection del’Ecole française de Rome 341), Roma.
Moatti, C. – Kaiser, W. (2007): Gens de passage en Méditerranée de l’Antiquité à l’époque moderne. Procédures de contrôle et d’identification, Paris.
Morley, N. (1996): Metropolis and Hinterland. The city of Rome and the Italian economy 200 B.C. - A.D.200, Cambridge (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518584).
Morley, N. (1997): “Cities in context. Urban systems in Roman Italy”, [en] H. Parkins (ed.), Roman Urbanism. Beyond the consumer city, London, 42-58.
Morley, N. (2003): “Migration and the metropolis”, [en] Edwards – Woolf (eds.), 2003, 147-157.
Ness, I. (ed.), (2013): Encyclopaedia of Global Human Migration, Malden–Oxford. Osborne, R.
Ness, I. (1991): “The potential mobility of human populations”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10/2, 231-252 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1991.tb00015.x).
Ness, I. (2009): Greece in the Making 1200-479 BC, London (second edition).
Paine, R. R. – Storey, G. R. (2006): “Epidemics, age at death, and mortality in Ancient Rome”, [en] Storey (ed.), 2006, 69-85.
Parkin, T. (1992): Demography and Roman Society, Baltimore–London.
Patterson, J. R. (2006): Landscapes and Cities. Rural settlement and civic transformation in early imperial Italy, Oxford.
Pomey, P. (dir.), (1997): La navigation dans l’antiquité, Aix-en-Provence.
Price, S. (2012): “Religious Mobility in the Roman Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies 102, 1-19 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0075435812000056).
Prowse, T. et alii (2007): “Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, 510-519 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20541).
Purcell, N. (1990): “Mobility and the Polis”, [en] O. Murray – S. Price (eds.), The Greek City from Homer to Alexander, Oxford, 29-58.
Purcell, N. (2004): “The boundless sea of unlikeness? On defining the Mediterranean”, Mediterranean Historical Review 18/2, 9-29 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951896032000230462).
Purcell, N. (2005): “Statics and dynamics. Ancient Mediterranean urbanism”, [en] R. Osborne – B. Cunliffe (eds.), Mediterranean Urbanization 800-600 BC, Oxford, 249-272.
Rathbone, D. (2003): “The financing of maritime commerce in the Roman empire, I-II AD”, [en] E. Lo Cascio (ed.), Credito e moneta nel mondo romano. Atti degli Incontri capresi dell’economia antica (Capri 12-14 ottobre 2000), Bari, 181-229.
Rathbone, D. (2009): “Merchant Networks in the Greek World. The impact of Rome”, [en] Malkin – Constantakopoulou – Panagopoulou (eds.), 2009, 299-310.
Rouse, I. (1986): Migrations in Prehistory. Inferring Population Movement from Cultural Remains, New Haven.
Sallares, R. (1991): The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, London.
Sallares, R. (2002): Malaria and Rome. A history of malaria in ancient Italy, Oxford–New York (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.001.0001).
Scheidel, W. (1997): “Quantifying the sources of slaves in the early Roman Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies 87, 156-169 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0075435800058123).
Scheidel, W. (2001): “Progress and problems in Roman demography”, [en] Scheidel (ed.), 2001, 1-81.
Scheidel, W. (2003): “Germs for Rome”, [en] Edwards – Woolf (eds.), 2003, 158-176.
Scheidel, W. (2004): “Human mobility in Roman Italy I: the free population”, Journal of Roman Studies 94, 1-26 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0075435800064157).
Scheidel, W. (2007): “Demography”, [en] W. Scheidel – I. Morris – R. P. Saller (eds.), Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge, 38-86 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004).
Scheidel, W. (ed.), (2001): Debating Roman Demography (=Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplement 211), Leiden–Boston–Köln.
Shaw, B. D. (2001): “Challenging Braudel. A New Vision of the Mediterranean”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 14, 419-53.
Storey, G. R. (ed.), (2006): Urbanism in the Preindustrial World. Cross-cultural approaches, Tuscaloosa.
Talbert, R. J. A.
Storey, G. R. (ed.), (2010): Rome’s World. The Peutinger map reconsidered, Cambridge.
Storey, G. R. (ed.), (2012): “Roads not featured. A Roman failure to communicate?”, [en] Alcock – Bodel –
Talbert (eds.), 2012, 235-254 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118244326.ch12).
Tchernia, A. (2011): Les romains et le commerce, Naples.
Torrence, R. (1986): Production and Exchange of Stone Tools. Prehistoric Obsidian in the Aegean, Cambridge.
Walser, G. (1989): “Quelques hypothèses sur le splendidissimum corpus mercatorum Cisalpinorum et Transalpinorum”, Ktema 14, 89-93.
Walser, G. (1991): “Corpus mercatorum cisalpinorum et transalpinorum”, Museum Helveticum 48/3, 169-175 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-37703).
Wells, J. C. K. – Stock, J. T. (2012): “The biology of human migration. The ape that won’t commit?”, [en] M. H. Crawford – B. C. Campbell (eds.), Causes and Consequences of Human Migration. An evolutionary perspective, New York, 45-64 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139003308.005).
Wierschowski, L.
Wells, J. C. K. – Stock, J. T. (1995): Die regionale Mobilität in Gallien nach den Inschriften des 1. bis 3. Jh. n. Chr. Quantitative Studien zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der westlichen Provinzen des Romischen Reiches (=Historia Einzelschriften 91), Stuttgart.
Wells, J. C. K. – Stock, J. T. (2001): Fremde in Gallien- “Gallier” in der Fremde: die epigraphisch bezeugte Mobilität in, von und nach Gallien vom 1. bis 3. Jh. n. Chr. (Texte-Übersetzungen-Kommentare), (=Historia Einzelschriften 159), Stuttgart.
Wilkinson, J. (1982): Egeria’s Travels to the Holy Land, Warminster.
Woolf, G. (2011): Tales of the Barbarians. Ethnography and empire in the Roman west, Malden– Oxford (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444390810).
Woolf, G. (2013): “Female Mobility in the Roman West”, [en] E. Hemelrijk – G. Woolf (eds.), Women and the Roman City in the Latin West, Leiden–Boston, 351-368.
Article download
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.