The ζευγήσιον τέλος and the “χωρίον ἀτελές” (Arist. Ath. 16.6): Census classes and the Solonian Fiscal System
- Miriam Valdés Guia Universidad Complutense de Madrid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-0617
Resumen
En este artículo examinamos la debatida condición socioeconómica de la tercera clase censitaria, la de los zeugitai (pequeños y medianos campesinos vs. agricultores de la clase privilegiada), a la luz de la organización del sistema fiscal soloniano. Será especialmente útil para ello el análisis de un pasaje anecdótico concerniente a Pisístrato y un modesto campesino del Ática que paga el impuesto. Terminaremos con algunas breves reflexiones sobre la eisphora posterior del siglo V tanto en las cleruquías/colonias atenienses, como en la propia Atenas desde el 428, durante la Guerra del Peloponeso y al final de la misma.
Descargas
Citas
Akrigg, Ben. (2019): Population and Economy in Classical Athens, Cambridge.
Andreyev, Vladislav N. (1974): “Some Aspects of Agrarian Conditions in Attica in the Fifth to Third Centuries B.C.”, Eirene 12, 5-46.
Baccarin, Alessandro (1990): “Olivicoltura in Attica fra trasformazione e crisi”, Dialoghi di Archeologia 8, 29-33.
Beloch, Julius (1884): Die attische Politik seit Perikles, Leipzig.
Berve, Helmut (1967): Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, Munich.
Biles, Zachary P. – Olson, S. Douglas (eds.) (2015): Aristophanes: Wasps, Oxford.
Blamire, Alec (2001): “Athenian Finance, 454-404 BC”, Hesperia 70, 99-126 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2668488).
Blok, Josine – Lardinois, André (eds.) (2006): Solon of Athens. New Historical and Philological Approaches, Leiden.
Böckh, August (1967 [1886]): Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener. Herausgegeben und mit anmerkungen begleitet von Max Fränkel, vol. I, Berlin.
Brun, Patrice (1983): Eisphora-Syntaxis-Stratiotika. Recherches sur les finances militaires d’Athènes au IVe siècle av. J.-C. Besançon-Paris.
Bullock, Charles J. (1939): Politics, Finance, and Consequences, Cambridge, Mass.
Burford, Alison
(1977-1978): “The Family Farm in Ancient Greece”, The Classical Journal 73, 162-175.
(1993): Land and Labor in the Greek World, Baltimore.
Carawan, Edwin M. (2013): The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing the Law, Oxford.
Cargill, Jack (1995): Athenian Settlements of the Fourth Century, Leiden.
Cataudella, Michele R. (2021): Ritorno alla Flat Tax. Un itinerario di Atene antica fra VII e IV secolo?, Turnhout.
Connor, William R. (1988): “Early Greek Land Warfare as Symbolic Expression”, La Parola del Passato 119, 3-29 (https://doi.org/10.1093/past/119.1.3).
Christ, Matthew R.
(2001): “Conscription of Hoplites in Classical Athens”, Classical Quarterly 51, 398-422 (https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/51.2.398).
(2007): “The Evolution of the Eisphora in Classical Athens”, Classical Quarterly 57, 53-69 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838807000043).
Davies, John K.
(1971): Athenian Propertied Families, Oxford.
(1981): Wealth and the Power of Wealth in Classical Athens, New York.
Davis, Gil (2012): “Dating the drachmas in Solon’s Laws”, Historia 61/2, 127-158 (https://doi.org/10.25162/historia-2012-0008).
Descat, Raymond (1990): “De l’économie tributaire à l’économie civique : le rôle de Solon”, [in] Marie-Madeleine Mactoux – Evelyne Geny (eds.), Mélanges P. Lévêque, vol. 5, Paris, 85-100.
Faraguna, Michele (1998): “Un nuovo studio sulle ‘Rationes Centesimarum’”, Dike 1, 171-180.
Fawcet, Peter
(2006): Athenian Taxation from the Pisistratids to Lycurgus 550 325, PhD dissertation, University of Durham.
(2016): “When I Squeeze You with Eisphorai: Taxes and Tax Policy in Classical Athens”, Hesperia 85/1, 153-199 (https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.85.1.0153).
Fernández Prieto, Aida (2022): Realidades e imágenes de la pobreza en la Atenas clásica. Una aproximación al fenómeno en la época de la democracia, Berlin.
Figueira, Thomas J.
(1986): “Xanthippos, Father of Perikles, and the Prytaneis of the Naukrarioi”, Historia 35, 257-279.
(1991): Athens and Aigina in the Age of Imperial Colonization. Baltimore, MD.
(2008): “Colonisation in the Classical Period”, [in] Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Greek Colonisation. An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas, vol. 2 (=Mnemosyne, Supplementa 193), Leiden-Boston, 427-523.
Finley, Moses I. (1985 [1973]): Democracy Ancient and Modern, London.
Flament, Christopher (2018): “IG I3 52 A ET B: un ou deux décrets de Kallias pour éclairer les finances athéniennes au Ve siècle av. n. ère? ”, Les Études Classiques 86, 153-175.
Forbes, Hamish A. (2000): “The Agrarian Economy of the Ermionidha around 1700. An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction”, [in] Susan Buck Sutton (ed.), Contingent Countryside, Settlement, Economy and Land Use in the Sourthern Argolid since 1700, Stanford, 41-70.
Foxhall, Lin
(1997): “A view from the top: Evaluating the Solonian property classes”, [in] Mitchell –Rhodes (eds.) 1997, 113-136.
(2002): “Access to resources in classical Greece: the egalitarianism of the polis in practice”, [in] Paul Cartledge – David Cohen – Lin Foxhall (eds.), Money, labour and land. Approaches to the economies of ancient Greece, London-New York, 209-220.
Gabrielsen, Vincent (1994): Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations, Baltimore.
Gallego, Julián
(2005): Campesinos en la ciudad. Bases agrarias de la polis griega y la infantería hoplita, Buenos Aires.
(2016): “El campesinado y la distribución del a tierra en la Atenas del s. IV a.C.”, Gerión 34, 43-75 (https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_GERI.2016.v34.53735).
(2022): “La cleruquía ateniense en Lesbos: Distribución de la tierra y explotación de los nativos”, Nova Tellus 40/1, 1-36 (https://doi.org/10.19130/iifl.nt.2022.40.1.432573).
(2024): “Land for the Athenian Poor: The Politics of Redistribution Outside Attica During the Fifth Century BCE”, Pnyx 3, 1-23 (https://doi.org/10.55760/pnyx.2024.35260).
(Forthcoming): “La Atenas democrática y la sumisión de Lesbos y Melos: mecanismos de dominación y explotación imperialista”, [in] Brais J. Curras – Inés Sastre, As faces do império: mecanismos de controlo e estratégias de resistência (=XLI Colóquio Internacional do GIREA, Coimbra), Besançon.
Gallo, Luigi (1987): “Salari e inflazione: Atene tra V e IV sec. A. C.”, Annali della Scuola normale superiore di Pisa (3rd ser.) 17/1, 19-63.
Gomme, Arnold. W. (1956): A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, vol. II. Books II-III, Oxford.
Halstead, Paul (2014): Two Oxen Ahead: Pre-Mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean, Malden, MA-Oxford-Chichester.
Hansen, Mogens H.
(1988): Three Studies in Athenian Demography (=Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 56), Copenhagen.
(1991): The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, Oxford.
(2010): “The Concepts of Demos, Ekklesia, and Dikasterion in Classical Athens”, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 50, 499-536.
Hanson, Victor D. (1999 [1995]): The Other Greeks. The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.
Hodkinson, Stephen (1988): “Animal Husbandry in the Greek Polis”, [in] C. R. Whittaker (ed.), Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge, 35-74.
Iriarte, Unai (2018): “La moneda de Atenas durante la tiranía de los Pisistrátidas”, Antesteria 7, 103-120.
Jacoby, Felix (1954): Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker (FGrH), b suppl., Nos 323a-334, vol. 1 y 2, Leiden.
Jameson, Michael H. (1994): “Class in the Ancient Greek Countryside”, [in] Panagiotes Doukellis – Lina Mendoni (eds.), Structures rurales et sociétés antiques, Paris, 55-63.
Jones, Arnold H.M. (1957): Athenian Democracy, Baltimore, Maryland.
Jordan, Ben
(1970): “Herodotus 5.71.2 and the Naukraroi of Athens”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity 3, 153-175.
(1979): Servants of the Cods. A Study in the Religion, History and Literature of Fifth Century Athens, Göttingen.
Kallet-Marx, Lisa
(1989): “Did Tribute Fund the Parthenon?”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity 20, 252-266 (https://doi.org/10.2307/25010908).
(2007): “The Athenian Economy”, [in] Loren J. Samons II (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Pericles, Cambridge, 70-95.
Kraay, Colin M. – Hirmer, Max (1966): Greek Coins, London.
Kroll, John H.
(1998): “Silver in Solon’s Laws” [in] Richard Ashton – Silvia Hurter (eds.), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price, London, 225-232.
(2008): “The Monetary Use of Weighed Bullion in Archaic Greece”, [in] William H. Harris (ed.), The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, 12-37.
Kroll, John H. – Waggoner, Nancy M. (1984): “Dating the Earliest Coins of Athens, Corinth and Aegina”, American Journal of Archaeology 88, 326-332 (https://doi.org/10.2307/504555).
Kron, Geoffrey (2011): “The distribution of wealth at Athens in comparative perspective” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 179, 129-138.
Leão, Delfim F. – Rhodes, Peter J. (2016): The Laws of Solon. A New Edition with Introduction, Translation and Commentary, London.
Lambert, Stephen D. (1997): Rationes Centesimarum: sales of public land in Lykourgan Athens, Amsterdam.
Loomis, William T. (1998): Wages, welfare costs and inflation in classical Athens, Michigan.
MacDowell, Douglas M. (1986): “The law of Periandros about Symmories”, Classical Quarterly 36, 438-449 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800012179).
Mattingly, Harold B. (1968): “Athenian Finance in the Peloponnesian War”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 92, 450-485.
Mavrogordatos, George T. (2011): “Two Puzzles Involving Socrates”, Classical World 105/1, 3-23 (https://doi.org/10.2307/4351567).
Meiggs, Russel (1972): The Athenian Empire, Oxford.
Meritt, Benjamin D. (1982): “Thucydides and the Decrees of Kallias”, [in] Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History and Topography. Presented to Eugene Vanderpool (=Hesperia Supplements 19), Princeton, NY, 112-121.
Mitchell, Lynette G. – Rhodes, Peter J. (eds.) (1997): The development of the polis in archaic Greece, New York.
Moreno, Alfonso (2007): Feeding the Democracy. The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC, Oxford.
Morris, Ian (2005): The Athenian Empire (478-404), Princeton, NJ.
Mossé, Claude (1979): “Les symmories athéniennes”, [in] Henri van Effenterre (ed.) Points de vue sur la fiscalité antique, Paris, 31-42.
Nagle, D. Brendan (2006): The Household as the Foundation of Aristotle’s Polis, Cambridge.
Osborne, Robin (1988): “Social and Economic Implications of the Leasing of Land and Pro-perty in Classical and Hellenistic Greece”, Chiron 18, 279-323.
Ostwald, Martin (1995): “Public expense: whose obligation? Athens 600-454 BCE”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 139/4, 368-379.
Paiaro, Diego (2008): “Terratenientes, campesinos y arriendo de tierras en la Atenas del siglo V a. C.”, Circe 12, 207-223.
Pébarthe, Christophe (2009): “Émigrer d’Athènes. Clérouques et colons aux temps de la domination athénienne sur l’Égée au Ve siècle a.C.”, [in] Claudia Moatti – Wolfgang Kaiser – Christophe Pébarthe (eds.), Le monde de l’itinérance en Méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne. Procédures de contrôle et d’identification, Bordeaux, 367-390.
Poddighe, Elisabetta (2002): Nel segno di Antipatro. L’eclissi Della democracia ateniese dal 323/2 al 319/8 a.C., Roma.
Raaflaub, Kurt. A.
(2006a): “Athenian and Spartan eunomia, or: what to do with Solon's timocracy”, [in] Blok –Lardinois (eds.) 2006, 390-428.
(2006b): “Thucydides on Democracy and Oligarchy”, [in] Antonia Tsakmakis – Antonios Rengakos (eds.) Brill’s Companion to Thucydides, Leiden-Boston, 189-222.
Rhodes, Peter J.
(1981): A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia, Oxford.
(1982): “Problems in Athenian Eisphora and Liturgies”, American Journal of Ancient History 7, 1-19.
(1985): The Athenian Empire, Oxford.
(1991): “The Athenian Code of Laws, 410-399 B.C.”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 111, 87-100.
(1997): “Introduction”, [in] Mitchell – Rhodes (eds.) 1997, 1-8
(2006): “The Reforms and Laws of Solon: An Optimistic View”, [in] Blok – Lardinois (eds.) 2006, 248-260.
Rhodes, Peter J. – Osborne, Robin (2003): Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-423 BC, Oxford.
Rosivach, Vincent J.
(2002a): “Zeugitai and Hoplites”, The Ancient History Bulletin 16, 33-43.
(2002b): “The Requirements for the Solonic Classes in Aristotle, AP 7.4”, Hermes 130, 36-47.
Ruschenbusch, Eberhard (1978): “Die athenischen symmorien des 4. Jh. V. Chr.”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 31, 275-284.
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen (1993): “Solon’s hektemoroi and Pisistratid dekatemoroi”, [in] Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg et alii (eds.), De Agricultura. In memoriam P.W. de Neeve Amsterdam, 13-30.
Schmitz, Winfried (1995): “Reiche und Gleiche: Timokratische Gliederung und demokratische Gleichheit der athenischen Bürger im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.”, [in] Walter Eder (ed.), Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Stuttgart, 573-597.
Shear Julia L. (2011): Polis and Revolution: Responding to Oligarchy in Classical Athens, Cambridge.
Simonton, Matthew (2017): “Stability and Violence in Classical Greek Democracies and Oligarchies”, Classical Antiquity 36/1, 52-103 (https://doi.org/10.1525/ca.2017.36.1.52).
Sommerstein, Alan H. (1983): The Comedies of Aristophanes, vol. 4: Wasps, Warminster.
Ste Croix, Geoffrey E. M. de
(1953): “Demosthenes Timema and the Athenian Eisphora in the Fourth Century BC”, Classica & Mediaevalia 14, 30-70.
(1954): “The Character or the Athenian Empire”, Historia 3, 1-41.
(2004): Athenian Democratic Origins and Other Essays, Oxford (ed. D. Harvey and R. Parker).
Stroud, Ronald S. (1971): “Inscriptions from the North Slope of the Acropolis I”, Hesperia 40, 46-204 (https://doi.org/10.2307/147631).
Todd, Stephen C. (1996): “Lysias Against Nikomachos: The Fate of the Expert in Athenian Law”, [in] Lin Foxhall – Andrew D.E. Lewis (eds.), Greek Law in its Political Setting, Oxford, 101-131.
Thomsen, Rudi (1964): Eisphora: A Study of Direct Taxation in Ancient Athens (=Humanitas 3), Copenhagen.
Valdés, Miriam
(2002): Política y religión en Atenas arcaica. La reorganización de la polis en época de Solón. Una revisión de la documentación arqueológica, literaria y religiosa, Oxford.
(2012): La formación de Atenas. Gestación, nacimiento y desarrollo de una polis (1200/1100-600 a. C.), Zaragoza.
(2018): “Reformas en las cargas fiscales y sociedad ateniense en la primera mitad del s. IV: entre los problemas financieros y la renovación imperialista”, [in] José Pascual – Borja Antela-Bernárdez – Daniel Gómez Castro (eds.), El mundo griego en el siglo IV a.C. Pervivencias, cambios y transformaciones (=Monografía ICCA), Madrid, 89-107.
(2022): “Zeugitai in Fifth-Century Athens: Social and Economic Qualification from Cleisthenes to the End of the Peloponnesian War”, Pnyx 1, 45-78 (https://doi.org/10.55760/pnyx.2022.4).
(2023): “Who were the Five Thousand?”, Classica & Mediaevalia 72, 215-253 (https://doi.org/10.7146/classicaetmediaevalia.v72i.142656).
Valdés, Miriam – Gallego, Julián (2010): “Athenian Zeugitai and the Solonian Census Classes: New reflections and Perspectives”, Historia 59/3, 257-281 (https://doi.org/10.25162/historia-2010-0016).
Valente, Marcello (2020): “Archaic Athens and Tyranny. The Origins of the Athenian Public Finance”, [in] Constanze Graml – Annarita Doronzio – Vinzenzo Capozzoli (eds.), Rethinking Athens Before the Persian Wars, München, 265-276.
Van Wees, Hans
(2002): “Tyrants, oligarchs and citizen militias”, [in] Angelos Chaniotis – Pierre Ducrey (eds.), Army and Power in the Ancient World, Stuttgart, 61-82.
(2004): Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities, London.
(2006): “Mass and Elite in Solon’s Athens: The Property Classes Revisited”, [in] Blok –Lardinois (eds.) 2006, 360-367.
(2013): Ships and Silver: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens, London.
(2024): “The Athenian Working Class: Scale, Nature, and Development”, [in] Samuel D. Gartland – David W. Tandy, Voiceless, Invisible, and Countless in Ancient Greece: The Experience of subordinates, 700-300 BCE, Oxford, 127-154 (https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191995514.003.0006).
Vélissaropoulos, J. (1980): Les Nauclères grecs, Paris.
Volonaki, Eleni (2001): “The Re-Publication of the Athenian Laws in the Last Decade of the Fifth Century B.C.”, Dike 4, 137-167.
Wallinga, Herman T. (2000): “The Athenian Naukraroi”, [in] Heleen Sancisi Weerdenburg (ed.), Peisistratos and the tyranny: a reappraisal of the evidence, Amsterdam, 131-146.
Whitehead, David (1981): “The Archaic Athenian Zeugitai”, Classical Quarterly 75, 282-286.
Zatta, Claudia (2010): “Making History Mythical: The Golden Age of Peisistratus”, Arethusa 43/1, 21-62.
Descarga artículo
Crossmark
Licencia
La revista Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
