Eighteenth-Century Spanish Sinology: Developments and Repercussions

Abstract

: The Enlightenment gave rise to substantial methodological innovations in Spanish Sinology. Following a sharp decline of missionary news sources dependent on the Spanish Patronage, those originating from other European languages and institutions became predominant. The study methodology was categorized into distinct thematic areas. Due to Jesuit chronicles, China was no longer perceived as a culturally hermetic country, disconnected from the outside world. Consequently, Spanish erudites drew a contrast between the Sinitic civilization and their own. In several respects -including agrarian practices, system of government, merit-based recruitment of public officials, and aesthetic pursuit- China was regarded as a paradigmatic model for European reform proposals. The aesthetic of chinoiserie was widely adopted as a hallmark of royal and noble distinction. During the 18th century Spain established its inaugural major commercial enterprise on Chinese soil; concurrently, the Malaspina-Bustamante overseas expedition sought to execute a large-scale mercantile operation while also accumulating intelligence regarding Macau and Canton. However, criticism of the Celestial Empire dramatically increased in Europe during the last third of this century, as China was considered outdated and incapable of embracing modernity.