Nanotechnology in food industry II: risk assessment and legislation
- Alicia Ávalos Fúnez Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 28040 Madrid
- Ana Isabel Haza Duaso Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 28040 Madrid
- Paloma Morales Gómez Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 28040 Madrid
Abstract
Currently, there is increasing use of nanomaterials in the food industry thanks to the many advantages offered and make the products that contain them more competitive in the market. Their physicochemical properties often differ from those of bulk materials, which require specialized risk assessment. This should cover the risks to the health of workers and consumers as well as possible environmental risks. The risk assessment methods must go updating due to more widespread use of nanomaterials, especially now that are making their way down to consumer products. Today there is no specific legislation for nanomaterials, but there are several european dispositions and regulations that include them. This review gives an overview of the risk assessment and the existing current legislation regarding the use of nanotechnology in the food industry.
Downloads
References
Abdelhalim, MAK, Mady, MM y Ghannam, MM. 2012. Physical Properties of Different Gold Nanoparticles: Ultraviolet-Visible and Fluorescence Measurements. J Nanomed Nanotechol 3:3.
AESAN. 2009. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) en relación al uso de la nanotecnología en la industria alimentaria. AESAN-2009-014. Disponible en: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/seguridad_alimentaria/evaluacion_riesgos/informes_comite/NANOTECNOLOGIA_I.ALIMENTARIA.pdf
Alaraby, M, Demir, E, Hernández, A y Marcos, R. 2015. Assessing potential harmful effects of CdSe quantum dots by using Drosophila melanogaster as in vivo model. Sci Total Environ 530-531:66-75. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.069.
Amenta, V, Aschberger, K, Arena, M, Bouwmeester, H, Moniz, FB, Brandhoff, P, Gottardo, S, Marvin, HJP, Mech, A, Pesudo, LQ, Rauscher, H, Schoonjans, R, Vettori, MV, Weigel, S y Peters, RJ. 2015. Regulatory aspects of nanotechnology in the agri/feed/food sector in EU and non-EU countries. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 73: 463- 476.
Arts, JHE, Hadi, M, Keene, AM, Kreiling, R, Lyon, D, Maier, M, Michel, K, Petry, T, Sauer, UG, Warheit, D, Wiench, K y Landsiedel R. 2014. A critical appraisal of existing concepts for the grouping of nanomaterials. Regu Toxicol Pharmacol 70 (2): 492-506.
Ávalos, A, Haza, AI, Mateo, D y Morales P. 2013. Aplicaciones y riesgos tóxicos por exposición a nanopartículas de plata. Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias, 7 (2): 1-23.
Ávalos, A, Haza, AI, Mateo, D y Morales, P. 2014. Cytotoxicity and ROS production of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes in hepatoma and leukemia cells. J Appl Toxicol 34: 413-423.
Ávalos, A, Haza, AI, Drosopoulou, E, Mavragani-Tsipidou, P y Morales, P. 2015a. In vivo genotoxicity assesment of silver nanoparticles of different sizes by the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on Drosophila. Food Chem Toxicol 85: 114-119. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.024.
Ávalos, A, Haza, AI y Morales, P. 2015b. Manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes induced DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in hepatoma and leukemia cells and in dermal and pulmonary fibroblasts. Folia Biologica Prague 61: 33-42.
Baeza-Squiban, S y Lanone, A. 2011. “Exposure, Uptake, and Barriers,” in Nanoethics and Nanotechnology P. Houdy et al. (eds.), pp. 37–61.
BEUC, EEB, CIEL, Client Earth, ECOS, ANEC, Health Care without Harm. 2014. European NGOs position paper on the regulation of nanomaterials. B.-T. E. C. Organisation, Bruxelles.
Bouwmeester, H, Dekkers, S, Noordam, M, Hagens, W, Bulder, A, de Heer, C, ten Voorde, Wijnhoven, S y Sips, A. 2009. Health impact of nanotechnologies in food production. Institute of food safety (RIKILT) y National institute for public health & the environment (RIVM). Report 2007.014.
Bouwmeester, H, Brandhoff, P, Marvin, HJP, Weigel, S y Peters RJB. 2014. State of the safety assessment and current use of nanomaterials in food and food production. Trends Food Sci Technol 40 (2): 200–210.
Carrero-Sanchez, JC, Elías, AL, Mancilla, R, Arrellín, G, Terrones, H, Laclette, JP y Terrones, M. 2006. Biocompatibility and toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes doped with nitrogen. Nano Lett 6(8): 1609-1616.
Cedervall, T, Lynch, I, Lindman, S, Berggård, T, Thulin, E, Nilsson, H, Dawson, KA y Linse, S. 2007. Understanding the nanoparticle–protein corona using methods to quantify exchange rates and affinities of proteins for nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (7): 2050-2055.
Cha, KE y Myung, H. 2007. Cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles assessed in vitro and in vivo. J Microbiol Biotechnol 17(9):1573-1578.
Chen, Z, Meng, H, Xing, G, Chen, C, Zhao, Y, Jia, G, Wang, T, Yuan, H, Ye, C, Zhao, F, Chai, Z, Zhu, C, Fang, X, Ma, B y Wan, L. 2006. Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo. Toxicol Lett 163(2): 109-120.
Cheng-Teng, N, Li, JJ, Bay, BH y Yung LYL. 2010. Current studies into the genotoxic effects of nanomaterials. J Nucleic Acids 2010: 1-12. doi: 10.4061/2010/947859.
Comisión Europea. 2009. Reglamento (CE) nº 450/2009 de 29 de mayo de 2009, sobre los materiales y objetos activos e inteligentes destinados a entrar en contacto con los alimentos. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L135: 3-11.
Comisión Europea. 2011. Reglamento (UE) nº 10/2011 de 14 de enero de 2011, sobre los materiales y objetos plásticos destinados a entrar en contacto con los alimentos. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L12 (1): 1-89.
Comisión Europea. 2012. Comunicación de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo y al Comité Económico y Social Europeo sobre la segunda revisión reglamentaria de los nanomateriales, incluidos los aspectos de seguridad. COM (2012) 572 final, SWD (2012) 288 de 10.03.2012. Bruselas: Comisión Europea.
Danish Ministry of the Environment. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Exposure assessment of nanomaterials in consumer products. Environmental Project No. 1636, 2015.
Des Rieux, A, Fievez, V, Garinot, M, Schanaider, YJ y Preat, V. 2006. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccies: a mechanistic approach. Journal of Controlled Released 116 (1): 1-27.
EFSA. 2009. European Food Safety Authority. The Potential Risks Arising from Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies on Food and Feed Safety. Question No EFSA-Q-2007-124ª. The EFSA Journal 958: 1-39.
EFSA Scientific Committee, 2011. Guidance on the risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain from. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2140.pdf.
FAO/OMS. 2011. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación y Organizaci.n Mundial de la Salud. Reunión Conjunta FAO/OMS de Expertos acerca de la aplicación de la nanotecnología en los sectores alimentario y agropecuario: posibles consecuencias para la inocuidad de los alimentos.Informe de la reunión. Roma 2011.
FDA, 2007. Food and Drug Administration. Nanotechnology, a report of the US. Food and Drug Administration. Nanotechnology Task Forcé. Rockville, Maryland. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/nanotechnology/taskforce/report2007.pdf
FSAI, 2008. Food Safety Authority Of Ireland. The Relevance for Food Safety of Applications of Nanotechnology in the Food and Feed Industries. Food Additives, Chemical Contaminants & Residues, Dublin.
Hillyer, JF y Albrecht, RM. 2001. Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 90 (12): 1927–1936.
ISO 10808:2010 Nanotechnologies -- Characterization of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicity testing.
Hoet, PH, Nemmar, A y Nemery, B. 2004. Health impact of nanomaterials?. Nature Biotechnol 22:19.
https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/nanotechnology
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. 2014. Comparación de los métodos de evaluación cualitativa del riesgo por exposición a nanomateriales CB Nanotool 2.0 y Stoffenmanager nano 1.0. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo (INSHT). Madrid, octubre 2014.
John, TA, Vogel, SM, Minshall, RD, Ridge, K, Tiruppathi, C y Malik, AB. 2001. Evidence for the role of alveolar epithelial gp60 in active transalveolar albumin transport in the rat lung. J Physiol 533: 547-59.
John, TA, Vogel, SM, Tiruppathi, C, Malik, AB y Minshall RD. 2003. Quantitative analysis of albumin uptake and transport in the rat microvessel endothelial monolayer. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284(1): L187-96.
Johnston, HJ, Hutchison, G, Christensen, FM, Peters, S, Hankin, S y Stone V. 2010. A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: Particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 40: 328-346. doi: 10.3109/10408440903453074.
Jos, A, Pichardo, S, Puerto, M, Sánchez, E, Gribo, A y Camean AM. 2009. Cytotoxicity of carboxylic acid functionalized single wall carbón nanotubes on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Toxicol In Vitro. 23: 1491-1496. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.001.
Kang, T, Guan, R, Chen, X, Song, Y, Jiang, H y Zhao, J. 2013. In vitro toxicity of different-sized ZnO nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 8(1): 496. doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-8-496.
Kim, YR, Park, JI, Lee, EJ, Park, SH, Seong, NW, Kim, JH, Kim, GY, Meang, EH, Hong, JS, Kim, SH, Koh, SB, Kim, MS, Kim, CS, Kim, SK, Son, SW, Seo, YR, Kang, BH, Han, BS, An, SS, Yun, HI y Kim, MK. 2014. Toxicity of 100 nm zinc oxide nanoparticles: a report of 90-day repeated oral administration in Sprague Dawley rats. Int J Nanomedicine 9 (2):109-26. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S57928.
Kumari, M, Rajak, S, Singh, SP, Kumari, SI, Kumar, PU, Murty, US, Mahboob, M, Grover, P y Rahman MF. 2012. Repeated oral dose toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles: biochemical and histopathological alterations in different tissues of rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12(3): 2149-2159.
Loeschner, K, Hadrup, N, Qvortrup, K, Larsen, A, Gao, X, Vogel, U, Mortensen, A, Rye, Lam, H y Larsen, EH. 2011. Distribution of silver in rats following 28 days of repeated oral exposure to silver nanoparticles or silver acetate. Part Fibre Toxicol 8:18.
Lynch, I y Dawson, K. 2008. Protein-nanoparticle interactions. Nanotoday 3: 40-47.
Mateo, D, Morales, P, Ávalos, A y Haza, AI. 2014. Oxidative stress contributes to gold nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human tumor cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 24 (3): 161-172.
Munger, M, Radwanski, P, Hadlock, GC, Stoddard, G, Shaaban, A, Falconer, J, Grainger, DW y Deering-Rice, CD. 2014. In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10: 1-9.
Navas, JM. 2009. Las NA y la salud. La nanotoxicología y la evaluación del riesgo de las nanopartículas artificiales (ERNA). Higiene Industrial, Seguridad y Medio Ambiente nº114: 6-16.
Nel, A, Mädler, L, Velegol, D, Xia, T, Hoek, E, Somasundaran, P, Klaessig, F, Castranova, V y Thompson M. 2009. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat mater 8: 543-557.
Oberdörster, G, Oberdorster, E y Oberdorster J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113: 823-839.ss
OECD. 2013. Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. Regulatory frameworks for nanotechnology in foods and medical products. Summary results of a survay activity. París. http://search.oecd.NANO(2012)22/FINAL&docLanguage=En.
Oropesa, RO y Jaurégui, UJ. 2012. Las nanopartículas como portadores de fármacos: características y perspectivas. Revista Cenic Ciencias Biológicas 43: 3.
Panté, N y Kann, M. 2002. Nuclear pore complex is able to transport macromolecules with diameters of about 39 nm. Mol Biol Cell 13(2): 425-434.
Parlamento Europeo y Consejo. 2006. Reglamento (CE) nº 1907/2006 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 18 de diciembre de 2006, relativo al registro, la evaluación, la autorización y la restricción de sustancias químicas (REACH), se crea la Agencia Europea de Productos Químicos, se modifica la Directiva 1999/45 / CE y se deroga el Reglamento (CEE) nº 793/93 y el Reglamento (CE) n ° 1488/94, así como la Directiva 76/769 / CEE y las Directivas 91/155 / CEE, 93/67 / CEE, 93/105 / CE y 2000/21 / CE. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 396: 1-849.
Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. 2008a. Reglamento (CE) nº 1333/2008 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de diciembre de 2008, sobre los aditivos alimentarios. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 354: 16-33.
Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. 2008b. Reglamento (CE) nº 1272/2008 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de diciembre de 2008, sobre la clasificación, etiquetado y envasado de sustancias y mezclas. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 353: 1-1355.
Parlamento Europeo y Consejo. 2009a. Reglamento (CE) nº 1107/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 21 de octubre de 2009, sobre la comercialización de productos fitosanitarios, se derogan las Directivas del Consejo 79/117/EEC y 91/414/EEC. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 309: 1-50.
Parlamento Europeo y Consejo. 2009b. Reglamento (CE) nº 767/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 2009, sobre la puesta en el mercado y utilización de piensos. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 229: 1-28.
Parlamento Europeo y Consejo. 2011. Reglamento (UE) nº 1169/2011 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de octubre de 2011, sobre la información alimentaria facilitada al consumidor, se modifican los Reglamentos (CE) nº 1924/2006 y (CE) nº 1925/2006 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo y se deroga la Directiva 87/250 / CEE, la Directiva 90/496 / CEE, la Directiva 1999/10 / CE, la Directiva 2000/13 / CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, las Directivas 2002 / 67 / CE y 2008/5 / CE y el Reglamento (CE) nº 608/2004 de la Comisión. Diario oficial de la Unión Europea. L 304: 18-63.
Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. 2012. Reglamento (UE) nº 528/2012 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 22 de mayo de 2012 relativo a la puesta a disposición en el mercado y uso de biocidas. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 167: 1-123.
Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. 2015. Reglamento (UE) nº 2283/2015 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de noviembre de 2015, relativo a los nuevos alimentos, por el que se modifica el Reglamento (UE) n° 1169/2011 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo y se derogan el Reglamento (CE) n° 258/97 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo y el Reglamento (CE) n° 1852/2001 de la Comisión. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L 327: 1-22.
Pasupuleti, S, Alapati, S, Ganapathy, S, Anumolu, G, Pully, NR y Prakhya, BM. 2012. Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles through oral route. Toxicol Ind Health 28(8): 675-86. doi: 10.1177/0748233711420473.
Pelka, J, Gehrke, H, Esselen, M, Türk, M, Crone, M, Bräse, S, Muller, T, Blank, H, Send, W, Zibat, V, Brenner, P, Schneider, R, Gerthsen, D y Marko, D. 2009. Cellular uptake of platinum nanoparticles in human colon carcinoma cells and their impact on cellular redox systems and DNA integrity. Chem Res Toxicol 22: 649-659.
Prabhakar, PV, Reddy, UA, Singh, SP, Balasubramanyam, A, Rahman, MF, Indu Kumari, S, Agawane, SB, Murty, US, Grover, P y Mahboob M. 2012. Oxidative stress induced by aluminum oxide nanomaterials after acute oral treatment in Wistar rats. J Appl Toxicol 32(6): 436-45. doi: 10.1002/jat.1775.
RIKILT y JRC, 2014. Inventory of nanotechnology applications in the agricultural, feed and food sector. EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-621, 125 pp. Disponible online: www.efsa.europa.eu/publications.
Rivera, P, Oberdörster, G, Elder, A, Puntes, V y Wolfgang JP. 2010. Correlating Physico-Chemical with Toxicological Properties of Nanoparticles: The Present and the Future ACS Nano 4 (10): 5527–5531 doi: 10.1021/nn1025687.
Roszek, B, de Jong, WH y Geertsma, RE. 2005. Nanotechnology in medical applications: state-of-the-art in materials and devices. RIVM Report 265001001/2005. The Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and Environment.
SCCP, 2007. Scientific Committee on consumer products. Preliminary opinion on safety of nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Disponible en:
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_099.pdf
SCENIHR, 2007. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Opinion in the appropriateness of the risk assessment methodology in accordance with the technical guidance documents for new and existing substances for assessing the risks of nanomaterials. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/heatlh/archive/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_010.pdf.
SCENIHR, 2010. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Scientific basis for the definition of the term “nanomaterial”, disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_032.pdf
Shi, YH, Xu, ZR, Feng, JL y Wang, CZ. 2006. Efficacy of modified montmorillonite nanocomposite to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129: 138–148.
Singh, R, Pantarotto, D, Lacerdam, L, Pastorin, G, Klumpp, C, Prato, M, Bianco, A y Kostarelos, K. 2006. Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbón nanotube radiotracers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (9): 3357-3362.
Tanarro, C, Sousa, ME y Tejedor, JN. 2011. Problemática en el establecimiento de valores límite: el caso de las nanopartículas. Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo 6: 16-27.
Trouiller, B, Reliene, R, Westbrook, A, Solaimani, P y Schiestl, RH. 2009. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice. Cancer Res. 69(22): 8784-8789.
UK-FSA. 2013. Nanotechnology-enabled foods and food contact materials on the UK market. Disponible en: http://www.food.gov.uk/policy-advice/nano/monitoring/.
Van der Meulen, B, Bremmers, H, Purnhagen, K, Gupta, N, Bouwmeester, H y Geyer, LL. 2014. Governing Nano Foods: Principles-based responsive regulation: EFFoST Critical Review# 3. Academic Press.
Van der Zande, M, Vandebriel, RJ, Groot, MJ, Kramer, E, Herrera Rivera, ZE, Rasmussen, K, Ossenkoppele, JS, Tromp, P, Gremmer, ER, Peters, RJ, Hendriksen, PJ, Marvin, HJ, Hoogenboom, RL, Peijnenburg, AA y Bouwmeester H. 2014. Sub-chronic toxicity study in rats orally exposed to nanostructured silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 11:8. doi: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-8.
Wang, L, Nagesha, DK, Selvarasah, S, Dokmeci, MR y Carrier, RL. 2008. Tocixity of CdSe Nanoparticles in Caco-2 cell cultures. J Nanobiotechnol 6: 11.
Yoksan, R y Chirachanchai, S. 2008. Amphiphilic chitosan nanosphere: studies on formation, toxicity, and guest molecule incorporation. Bioorg Med Chem 16(5): 2687-2696.
Zhang, XD, Wu, HI, Wu, D, Wang, YY, Chang, JH, Zhai, ZB, Meng AM, Liu PX, Zang LA y Fan, FY. 2010. Toxicologic effects of gold nanoparticles in vivo by different administration routes. Int J Nanomedicine 5: 771-781.
Article download
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias is an open access journal that does not charge authors for article processing (submission, review or editing) or publication.
