An Argaric halberd of the motilla de El Retamar (Argamasilla de Alba, Ciudad Real): context, dating, metallurgical analysis, provenance and interpretation.

Abstract

The only Argaric halberd of the Meseta was recovered in the motilla of El Retamar in 2019. This find represents the first specialized weapon of the Motilla Culture. The find was retrieved from a non-funerary context (Cut A) in association with ceramic containers, an oven and seeds from cultivated species (free-threshing wheats, hulled barley, emmer wheat and flax). The 118 g and 15.7 cm weapon has two rivets and an asymmetric blade; no evidence of impact is observed on its edge. It can be classified within the San Antón type (Lull type 2), with similar formal parallels with the halberd from tomb 999 from El Argar and with another one from the Gómez-Moreno collection. The piece does not contain tin being made of arsenic copper (3.4% As) with significant percentages of lead and silver (2-3% Pb; 0.47% Ag). Lead isotopic analyses reveal its probable origin in the Linares mining area (Jaén). A radiocarbon date of wood remains from the shaft (Beta-591414, 3590 ± 30, 2010-1895 cal BC) places the halberd at the beginning of the second millennium cal BC. This finding confirms that the Argaric and Bronze Age populations of La Mancha established intense exchange networks, through which objects of high social value circulated, such as ivory, the Argaric cup of La Encantada or the halberd of the motilla of El Retamar.