Los modelos de integración europea

Abstract

In a context of increase and diversification of the immigrant population in Europe, specially in Spain and Italy, and of production of few policies about immigration in the European level, it is necessary to remind the evolution of the models of integration in Europe. We defend the hypothesis according to which these models have evolved with time. Three fundamental periods can be distinguished. 1) Between 1960 and 1970’s, it is a question of integrating the immigrants to turn them into citizens, thanks to the work, the social mobilization and the participation in the professional elections, granting new rights to them, favoring their identification to the nation, propitiating their interiorización of the local values and valuing their identification in the way of life of the new country. 2) Between 1980 and 1990’s, the debate centres on the national models of integration which oppose basically the right of the French soil to the German right of the blood or the French republicanism to the Anglo-Saxon communitarism, knowing that, in any case, the models of integration are defined depending to the conception of the immigrant work, the code of the nationality and the relation with the ethnic minorities. 3) Since then, the models of integration harden the conditions of access to the licence of residence and of work as well as to the nationality, the fight is intensified against the illegal immigration and they increase the controls in the borders, because there is imposed the idea according to which certain populations would not be assimilable and the diversity would have negative consequences. In this context, the countries develop programs of civic integration not to favour the integration but to propitiate the assimilation of the foreigners.