Redefinir las causas comunes en las luchas sociales. Un análisis a las antinomias del valor, el trabajo y la subsunción

Nicol A. Barria-Asenjo; Slavoj Žižek; Brian Willems; Andrea Perunović; Gonzalo Salas; Ruben Balotol Jr; Jesús Ayala-Colqui

doi:10.5209/ltdl.84516

Nicol A. Barria-Asenjo Universidad de Los Lagos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-013X
Slavoj Žižek Birkbeck College, University of London. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-6942
Brian Willems University of Split https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2141-3854
Andrea Perunović University of Belgrade https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1144-3088
Gonzalo Salas Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0707-8188
Ruben Balotol Jr Visayas State University, Tolosa, Leyte Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-946X
Jesús Ayala-Colqui Universidad Científica del Sur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9059-5401

Keywords: karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, Ideology, Value, Labor, Capitalism

Abstract

En el contexto político global contemporáneo, las diversas luchas sociales se están alienando entre sí hasta el
punto de que la ilusión del capitalismo como único sistema socioeconómico posible está difuminando todos los horizontes
del cambio social. En este artículo, trataremos de redefinir las causas comunes de las luchas sociales, demostrando su interseccionalidad e interdependencia. Para ello, nos ocuparemos de una serie de conceptos de la filosofía de Marx. En la introducción, examinaremos la noción de valor, afirmando que la teoría del valor de Marx no es simplemente una teoría laboral del valor, sino que más bien refleja la estructura paralela de la producción y la circulación, cristalizada en la forma de valor última del dinero. Una vez obtenidas estas ideas preliminares, volveremos al fenómeno del trabajo en el capitalismo, para reinterpretar, en la primera sección del artículo, la distinción marxiana entre trabajo productivo e improductivo. A partir de ahí, se darán los primeros ejemplos concretos de la interseccionalidad de las luchas sociales contra la abstracción del capital: a saber, mostrar que las luchas de género y las raciales tienen ciertas causas comunes, enraizadas en la hegemonía gramsciana. En la segunda sección, examinaremos la distinción que Marx establece entre la subsunción formal y la real. Esta última, afirmaremos, es decisiva para entender cómo el capital estructura la cuasi-totalidad de nuestras relaciones sociales. Tras una interpretación de la película Toni Erdmann de Maren Ade, propondremos algunos medios posibles de lucha interseccional contra la subsunción real, que encontrarán su respaldo teórico en el concepto de universales subversivos. Las observaciones finales abordarán la lógica nuclear de la distribución y la acumulación del capital, un síntoma que pervive a lo largo de la historia preservado e impulsado por la omnipresencia de la ideología, y subrayarán de nuevo implícitamente la importancia de la lucha común en el descongelamiento de la emergencia de un nuevo sujeto revolucionario.

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Author Biographies

Slavoj Žižek, Birkbeck College, University of London.

Co-Director at the International Center for Humanities, Birkbeck College, University of London. Researcher at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-6942. Senior Researcher at the Department of Philosophy, University of Ljubljana. Teaching at numerous universities in the US, the UK, France, Switzerland, South Korea. Author of numerous publications on politics and ideology today. Doctor of Arts (philosophy) at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana Doctor of Arts (psychonalysis) at the Universite Paris-VIII. Directing a research project “Antinomies of the Postmodern Reason” at the Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut, Essen In the last 30 years participation at over 550 international philosophical, psychoanalytical and cultural-criticism symposiums in USA, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Netherland, Island, Austria, Australia, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Brasil, Argentina, Mexico, Israel, Romania, Hungary and Japan, Japan, Korea, China. Founder and president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, Ljubljana.
Editor of the book series Shortcuts (with MIT Press), Wo es war (with Verso) and SIC (with Duke UP). In the last 20 years, the publication of 20 books in English which were translated into all main world languages (Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Russian).

Brian Willems, University of Split

Is associate professor of literature and film at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Croatia. He is most recently author of Sham Ruins: A User’s Guide (Routledge, 2022), Speculative Realism and Science Fiction (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), and Shooting the Moon (Zero Books, 2015), and is co-editor of Reconsidering (Post-)Yugoslav Time: Towards the Temporal Turn in the Critical Study of (Post)-Yugoslav Literatures (Brill, 2022). Essays have been published in collections from Cambridge University Press, Goldsmiths/MIT Press, University of Minnesota Press, and elsewhere.

Andrea Perunović, University of Belgrade

Is a research fellow at the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade. He studied in the Philosophy, Art and Critical Thought division of the European Graduate School, Saas-Fee, Switzerland and obtained a doctoral degree in Philosophy from the University Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France. His dissertation (directed by François Noudemann) is entitled: Archéologie de la confiance: prolégomènes d’une pensée défiante (Archeology of trust: prolegomena of a distrustful thought). His theoretical interests gravitate around the fields of ontology, epistemology, psychoanalysis, linguistics, political economy, as well as contemporary francophone philosophy and theory

Gonzalo Salas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile

Adjunct Professor at the Universidad Católica del Maule. Psychologist from the University of La Serena, PhD in Education from the University of La Salle, Costa Rica, Postdoctorate in Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities from the National University of Cordoba, Argentina, PhD student in History of Science at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He was awarded with the National Award Colegio de Psicólogos 2018 and recently with the Early Scientific Trajectory Contribution Award Maritza Montero, Interamerican Society of Psychology 2021. His main line of research is in the history of psychology. She is a founding member of the Chilean Society for the History of Psychology and IR of the FONDECYT Regular 1211280 Project on Amanda Labarca. E-mail: gsalas@ucm.cl

Ruben Balotol Jr, Visayas State University, Tolosa, Leyte Philippines

Is currently teaches at Visayas State University, Tolosa, Philippines. His research interest are under the theme of postcolonial/colonial studies, psychoanalysis and ideology. He received his Master of Arts in Philosophy from the University of San Jose-Recoletos in Cebu City, Philippines. Aside from doing research and teaching, he is also a co-founder of Association of Eastern Visayas Studies, Inc. (Philippines).

Jesús Ayala-Colqui, Universidad Científica del Sur

is Professor of Philosophy at University Scientific of the South. He is coeditor of Poder y subjetivación en Michel Foucault (2020) and Sentido, verdad e historia del ser en Martin Heidegger (2022). He is the editor of two monographs in academic journals about “Félix Guattari” and “Technopolitics: Artificial intelligence, algorithms and biotechnology” and author of several research articles. He is founder and editor-in-chief of the Latin American Journal of Humanities and Educational Development.

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