Introductory Reflections on Scholastic Economic Thought
From the Thomistic Approach to the Franciscans
- Giovanni Patriarca Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Resumo
This essay provides a general overview of the development of economic theories in Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries in the light of the latest studies and offers new perspectives for future investigations. Scholasticism is a milestone in the history of Western philosophy as well as its contribution to scientific method and innovation. At the end of the Middle Ages, the ideal of shared norms and values clashes with the tensions of commercial transformation. In this historical framework – characterized not only by an unprecedented international trade and new financial institutions but also by a sort of proto-empiricism – the philosophical speculation tries to find a unitary “way of knowledge” between the legitimacy of individual interests and the primacy of general principles. This interdisciplinary effort is based on the innovative interpretation of theology, (natural) philosophy, Roman and Canon law such as local customary rules applied to the emergent economic issues.
Downloads
Referências
Alexander Bonini of Alessandria, Un traité de morale économique au XIVe siècle. Le Tractatus de usuris de maître Alexandre d’Alexandrie, (éd. A.-M. Hamelin), Louvain: Éditions Nauwelaerts, 1962.
Alexander Bonini of Alexandria, Tractatus de usuris et de restitutionibus, 129 (lat. 152), Bologna: Biblioteca Universitaria.
Alliney Guido (2019), “Quando Duns Scoto ha cambiato idea sulla volontà? La causa del volere secondo la quaestio 6 delle Collationes parisienses”, Quaderni di Noctua, Vol. 5 (2019), pp. 604-640.
Antoninus of Florence, Summa, in Opera omnia: ad autographorum fidem nunc primum exacta, vita illius, variis dissertationibus et adnotationibus aucta, Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani, 1741.
Armstrong Lawrin (1999), “The Politics of Usury in Trecento Florence: The Questio de monte of Francesco da Empoli”, Medieval Studies, vol. 61 (1999), pp. 1-44.
Ascheri Mario (2000), I diritti nel medioevo italiano. Secoli XI-XIV, Roma: Carocci.
Astesanus of Asti, Summa de casibus conscientiae, Strasbourg: Johann Mentelin, (around) 1469.
Aubenque Pierre (1993), La Prudence chez Aristote, Paris : PUF.
Aznar Vallejo Eduardo (1994), Viajes y descubrimientos en la Edad Media, Madrid: Editorial Síntesis.
Baldwin John W. (1959), The medieval theories of the just price. Romanists, canonists, and theologians in the Twelfth and Thirteenth centuries, Philadelphia: Transaction of the American Philosophical Society.
Barath Désiré (1960), “The Just Price and Costs of Production according to Thomas Aquinas”, New Scholasticism, 34.
Bazzichi Oreste (1985), “Valore economico e giusto prezzo nella teologia medievale”, Rivista di politica economica, 10/1985, pp. 1055-86.
Bellomo Manlio (1996), Saggio sull’università nell’età del diritto comune, Roma : Il Cigno-Galileo Galilei Edizioni.
Béraud Alain - Faccarello Gilbert (2000), Nouvelle histoire de la pensée économique, Paris: La Découverte.
Bernardine of Siena, Sermones de evangelio eterno, Basel: Johann Amerbach, 1489.
Bernardino de Bustis, Defensorium Montis pietatis contra figmenta omnia aemulae falsitati, Milano: Scinzenzeler, 1497.
Böhm-Bawerk Eugen (1990), Capital and Interest, London: McMillan and Co.
Boureau Alain - Piron Sylvain (eds.) (1999), Pierre de Jean Olivi (1248-1298). Pensée scolastique, dissidence spirituelle et société, Actes du Colloque de Narbonne, Paris: Vrin.
Boureau, A. (ed. trad.), Chiaro de Florence, «Le Livre des cas». Manfredo de Tortona, «Traité des restitutions et de la diversité des contrats», Paris: Les Belles Lettres (Bibliothèque scolastique. 13), 2017.
Bousquet Georges-Henri (1960), Esquisse d’une histoire de la science économique en Italie des origines à Francesco Ferrara, Paris: Rivière.
Brants Victor (1895), L’économie politique au Moyen-Age, esquisse des théories économiques professées par les écrivains des XIIIe et XIVe siècles, Louvain: C. Peeters.
Brundage James A. (2016), “The Practice of Canon Law”, in Hartmann Wilfried - Pennington Kenneth, The History of Courts and Procedure in Medieval Canon Law, Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, pp. 63-75.
Buchanan James - Brennan Geoffrey (1987), “The Normative Purpose of Economic Science: Rediscovery of an Eighteenth-Century Method” in Buchanan James (ed.), Economics. Between Predictive Science and Moral Philosophy, College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Calasso Francesco (1957), I Glossatori e la teoria della sovranità: studio di diritto comune pubblico, Milano: Le Monnier.
Canning Joseph (2017), “The Medieval Roman and Canon Law Origins of International Law”, in Bain William (2017), Medieval Foundations of International Relations, New York: Routledge.
Capitani Ovidio (ed.) (1974), L’etica economica medievale, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Carbajo Nuñez Martín (ed.) (2008), Giovanni Duns Scoto. Studi e Ricerche nel VII Centenario della sua morte,Vol. I-II, Roma: Antonianum.
Ceccarelli Giovanni - Piron Sylvain (2009), “Gerald Odonis’ Economics Treatise”, in Duba William & Schabel Chris, Gerald Odonis, Doctor Moralis and Franciscan Minister General, Leiden: Brill.
Ceccarelli Giovanni (2007), The Price for Risk-Taking: Marine Insurance and Probability Calculus in the Late Middle Ages, http://www.jehps.net/Juin2007/ceccarelli_Risk.pdf.
Chafuén Alejandro (2003), Faith and Liberty. The Economic Thought of the Late Scholastics, Lehnam: Lexington Books.
Chaplygina Irina & Lapidus André (2016), “Economic thought in scholasticism”, in Faccarello Gilbert – Kurz Heinz D., Handbook on the History of Economic Analysis, Volume II, chapter 3, London: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 20-42.
Cipolla Carlo M. (1982), Il fiorino e il quattrino. La politica monetaria a Firenze nel Trecento, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Clair of Florence, Casus conscientiae, 4 (olim C. 1), ff. 40r-64v, Firenze: Biblioteca Provinciale dei Frati Minori.
Cleary Patrick (1914), The Church and the Usury, Dublin: M.H. Gill and Sons.
Corpus juris canonici emendatum et notis illustratum. (Gregorii XIII. pont. max. iussu editum: 3 parts in 4 volumes), Roma: In aedibus Populi Romani, 1582.
Cunningham William (1902), An Essay on Western Civilisation, vol. II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Roover Raymond (1958), “The Concept of the Just Price: Theory and Economic Policy”, Journal of Economic History, 18/4, p. 421-437.
De Roover Raymond (1967), San Bernardino of Siena and Sant’Antonino of Florence. The two Great Economic Thinkers in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
De Roover Raymond (1971), La pensée économique des scolastiques, Paris: Vrin.
De Roover Raymond (1974), Business, banking, and economic thought in late medieval and early modern Europe, ed. J. Kirshner, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Dudley Sylla Edith, The Oxford Calculators and the Mathematics of Motion 1320-1350: Physics and Measurements by Latitudes, New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.
Dupuy Claude (1989), Introduction to „Traité des monnaies de Nicolas Oresme et autres écrits monétaires du XIV siècle”, Lyon : La Manufacture, Lyon.
Duve Thomas - Danwerth Otto (Eds.), Knowledge of the Pragmatici. Legal and Moral Theological Literature and the Formation of Early Modern Ibero-America, Max Planck Studies in Global Legal History of the Iberian Worlds, Leiden: Brill 2020,
Endemann Wilhelm (1883), Studien in der romanisch-kanonistishen Wirtschafts- und Rechtslehre bis gegen Ende des siebenzehnten Jahrhunderts, Berlin: Guttentag, vol. II.
Erdő Peter (2006), Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft vom kanonischen Recht: eine Einführung, Berlin: Lit.
Evangelisti Paolo (2009), “Contract and Theft Two Legal Principles Fundamental to the civilitas and res publica in the Political Writings of Francesc Eiximenis, Franciscan friar”, Franciscan Studies, 67/2009, pp. 405-426.
Fanfani Amintore (1933), Le origini dello spirito capitalistico in Italia, Milano: Vita & Pensiero.
Fochesato Mattia (2012), “Francesco da Empoli e Pietro Strozzi : un dibattito su usura e speculazione nella Firenze del Trecento”, Studi francescani. Vol. 109, Num. 1-2/2012, pp 73-113.
Fortunato Coppoli, Consilium Montis Pietatis, Venice: Pietro Quarengi, 1498.
Franciscus de Empoli, Quaestio de Monte, Vat. lat. 4272, Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
Galgano Francesco (2001), Lex Mercatoria. Storia del diritto commerciale, Bologna : Il Mulino.
Gilles of Lessines, De usuris in communi et de usurarum contractibus, ff. 338ra-348vb, Autun: Bibliothèque Municipale.
Gilson Etienne (1952), Jean Duns Scot. Introduction à ses positions fondamentales, Paris: Vrin.
Gilson Etienne (1997), La Filosofia nel Medioevo, Firenze: La Nuova Italia.
Gracia Jorge J.E. (1994), Individuation in Scholasticism: The Later Middle Ages and the Counter-Reformation, 1150-1650, SUNY Press, New York.
Gregg Samuel (2001), Economic Thinking for the Theologically Minded, Lahnam: University Press of America.
Grice-Hutchinson Marjorie (1978), Early Economic Thought in Spain, 1177-1740, London: Alien & Unwin.
Grossi Paolo (2011), L’Ordine giuridico medievale, Bari: Laterza.
Henquinet, François-Marie (1939), “Clair de Florence, O.F.M., canoniste et pénitencier pontifical vers le milieu du XIIIe siècle”, Archivum Franciscanum historicum, 32/1939, pp. 3-48.
Hoeres Walter (1962), Der Wille als reine Vollkommenheit nach Duns Scotus, München, Verlag Anton Pustet.
Huerta de Soto Jesús (2016), Dinero, crédito bancario y ciclos económicos, Madrid: Unión Editorial.
Imbert Jean (2004), Histoire de la vie économique ancienne, médiévale et moderne, Paris: Cujas.
Johannes Buridanus, Quaestiones in Decem Libros Ethicorum ad Nichomachum, Paris: Le Preux, 1513.
Johannes Duns Scotus, Questiones quodlibetales ex quattuor Sententiarum, Lyon: Iacobum Myt, 1520.
Johnson C. (ed.), The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents, London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1956.
Jourdain Charles (1869), Les Commencements de l’Économie Politique au Moyen-Âge, Paris: Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
Kaye Joel (1998), Economy and nature in the fourteenth century. Money, market exchange, and the emergence of scientific thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaye Joel (2014), A History of Balance, 1250–1375: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium and its Impact on Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Kirshner Julius - Lo Prete Kimberly (1984), “Peter John Olivi’s Treatises on Contracts of Sale, Usury and Restitution: Minorite Economics or Minor Works?”, Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, 13/1984, pp. 233-286.
Knies Karl (1930), Die politische Ökonomie vom Standpunkte der geschichtlichen Methode, Leipzig: Buske.
Kobusch Theo (2011), Die Philosophie des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters, Geschichte der Philosophie- Band V. München: C.H. Beck.
Kristeller Paul Oscar (1989), Die Ideen als Gedanken der menschlichen und göttlichen Vernunft, Heidelberg: Winter 1989.
Kulisher Josef M. (1964), Storia economica del Medioevo e dell’Epoca moderna, vol. I, Firenze: Sansoni.
Lambertini Roberto (1990), La povertà pensata. Evoluzione storica della definizione dell’identità minoritica da Bonaventura ad Ockham, Modena : Mucchi editore, 1990.
Langholm Odd (1987), “Scholastics Economics”, in Todd S. Lowry, Pre-classical Economic Thought, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Langholm Odd (1992), Economics in the medieval schools. Wealth, exchange, value, money and usury according to the Paris theological tradition, 1200-1350, Leiden: Brill.
Langholm Odd (2009), “From Olivi to Hutcheson: Tracing an Early Tradition in Value Theory”, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, vol. 31/2, pp. 131-141.
Laurent Henri, La loi de Gresham au Moyen-Age, Paris: Sirey, 1938.
Luca Pacioli, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità, Venezia: Paganino Paganini, 1494.
Luca Pacioli, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita. An original translation of the Distinctio nona. Tractatus IX «De computis et scripturis» (by P. Crivelli), London: The Institute of Bookkeepers, 1924 (Reprinted in Rome: RIREA, 2016).
Maierù Luigi - Galuzzi Massimo - Santoro Nadia (2012), La tradizione latina, Fibonacci, le scuole d’abaco, il Cinquecento, Roma: Aracne.
Merino Juan Antonio (1993), Historia de la filosofía franciscana, Madrid: BAC.
Moreno-Riaño Gerson - Nederman Cary J. (2011), A Companion to Marsilius of Padua, Leiden: Brill.
Muzzarelli Maria Giuseppina (2001), Il denaro e la salvezza. L’invenzione del Monte di Pietà, Bologna, il Mulino.
N. Bériou - J. Chiffoleau (eds.) (2009), Economie et religion. L’expérience des ordres mendiants (XIVe – XVe siècle), Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
Nicole Oresme, Tractatus de origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum, (R.P.D. Nicolai Oresmii, Lexoviensis episcopi et praeceptoris Caroli V cognomoento sapientis regis Christ.), Düsseldorf: Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen, 1995
Niehans Jürg (1993), “A Reassessment of Scholastic Monetary Theory”, Journal of History of Economic Thought, Volume 15, Issue 2 -Fall 1993, pp. 229-248
Noonan John T. Jr. (1957), The scholastic analysis of usury, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
Novak Michael (2001), Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976-2000, Rowman & Littlefield.
Nuccio Oscar (2008), La storia del pensiero economico italiano: come storia della genesi dello spirito capitalistico, Roma: LUISS.
O’Brien George (1967), An essay on medieval economic teaching, New York: A.M. Kelley.
Patriarca Giovanni (2015), “Die spätscholastische Methodik und die Dialektik der Naturbeherrschung”, in Martorana Marco, Pascual Rafael, Regoli Veronica (eds.), Raccolta di Saggi in Onore di Marco Arosio, Vol. II, Roma: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, pp. 339-381.
Patriarca Giovanni (2019), “On the Scottish distinctiveness. From Late Scholasticism to the Scottish Enlightenment. A Preliminary Perspective”, Review of Austrian Economics, 1/2019 (17 May 2019), pp. 1-12.
Pedro de João Olivi, Tratado sobre os contratos seguido de Sobre como devem ser folheados os livros dos filósofos, (Edição bilingue latim-português, Edição do texto latino: S. Piron; Introdução e notas: L. A. De Boni; Tradução: L. A. De Boni – J. B. da Costa), Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2016.
Pedro de Juan Olivi, Tratados sobre los contratos, (Traducción por G. Patriarca y M.E. Segura Novoa), Penbroke Pines, USA: Editorial Fe y Libertad, 2019.
Pellicani Luciano (2013), Saggio sulla genesi del capitalismo. Alle origini della modernità, Soveria M.: Rubettino.
Pesce Pier Giuseppe (1966), “La dottrina degli antichi moralisti circa la liceità del contratto di assicurazione” in Assicurazione, XXXIII (1966), pp. 42-52.
Peter of John Olivi, A Treatise on Contracts, (Critical Edition and Commentary by S. Piron; Translated from the Latin by R. Thornton and from the French by M. Cusato, OFM), Saint Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2016.
Peter of John Olivi, Tractatus de emptione et venditione, de usuriis et restitutionibus, ff. 214r-245v, Napoli: Biblioteca Nazionale “Vittorio Emanuele III”.
Pierre de Jean Olivi, Tractatus de contractibus / Traité des contrats, (ed. trad. et comment par S. Piron). Paris: Les Belles-Lettres (Bibliothèque Scolastique, 5), 2012.
Pierre de Jean Olivi, Tratado de los contratos, (Estudio preliminar de R. Ramis Barceló -Traducción y notas de P. Ramis Serra y R. Ramis Barceló), Madrid: Editorial Dykinson, 2017.
Pietro di Giovanni Olivi, Usure, Compere e Vendite. La scienza economica del XIII secolo, (a cura di A. Spicciani, P. Vian, G. Andenna), Milano: Europia-Jaka Book, 1998.
Pirenne Henri, (2006), Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, New York: Routledge, Chapters I-II-III-IV.
Quaglioni Diego - Todeschini Giacomo - Varanini Gian Maria (2005), Credito e usura fra teologia, diritto e amministrazione. Linguaggi a confronto (sec. XII-XVI), Roma: École Française de Rome.
Radding Charles M. (1988), The Origins of Medieval Jurisprudence. Pavia and Bologna 850-1150, Yale: Yale University Press.
Rothbard Murray N. (1995), Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, vol. II, Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing.
Sangster Alan - Stoner Gregory - McCarthy Patricia (2008), “The Market for Luca Pacioli’s Summa Arithmetica”, Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1 June 2008 - pp. 111-134.
Sbaraglia, G.C., Supplementum et castigatio ad scriptores trium Ordinum s. Francisci a Waddingo aliisve descriptos, cum adnotationibus ad syllabum martyrum eorundem Ordinum. Opus posthumum. Editio nova variis additamentis et indice scriptorum chronologico locupletata 3 vols., Roma: Bibliotheca historico-bibliographica, 1908-1936 [rist. anast. Sala Bolognese (Bologna): Arnaldo Forni, 1978].
Schumpeter Joseph Alois (1954), History of Economic Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schüssler Rudolf (2019), The Debate on Probable Opinion in Scholastic Tradition, Leiden: Brill.
Segura Novoa Elizabeth - Patriarca Giovanni (2020), “El enfoque franciscano y la ciencia. De la Escolástica Tardía a la vía moderna”, Franciscanum, Vol. 62 Núm. 173 (2020), pp. 1-21.
Sirico Robert A. (1998), “The Late-Scholastic and Austrian Link to Modern Catholic Economic Thought”, Journal of Markets & Morality, 1/2(October 1998), pp. 122-129.
Spicciani Amleto (1977), La mercatura e la formazione del prezzo nella riflessione teologica medioevale, Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Tarabocchia Canavero Alessandra (1992), “La virtù della giustizia da “Habitudo” a “Habitus”. A proposito della giustizia “metaphorice dicta” in Alberto Magno e Tommaso d’Aquino”, Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica, Vol. 84, No. 4/1992, pp. 608-631.
Tavares Magalhães Ana Paula, “The medieval university and the ethos of knowledge: Franciscan friars, patristic tradition, and scholastic ‘instruments’”, Acta Scientiarum 3, Vol. 37 (July-Sept 2015): 237-245.
Thomas Aquinas (1964), Commentary on the Nichomachean Ethics, translated by C. I. Litzinger, O.P., Chicago: Henry Regnery Company - 2 volumes.
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiæ, (Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province), Cincinnati: Benziger Bros.1947
Todeschini Giacomo (1994), Il prezzo della salvezza. Lessici medievali del pensiero economico, Roma: Carocci.
Todeschini Giacomo (2002), I mercanti e il Tempio. La società cristiana e il circolo virtuoso della ricchezza fra Medioevo ed Età Moderna, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Todeschini Giacomo (2009), “Eccezioni e usura nel Duecento. Osservazioni sulla cultura economica medievale come realtà non dottrinaria”, Quaderni storici, 131/2, 2009.
Todeschini Giacomo (2015), “Il denaro, i mercanti, la Chiesa: Le Goff, la storia economica dell’Occidente cristiano e il Francescanesimo”, Nuova rivista storica, Vol. 99, Nº. 3, 2015, pp. 977-996.
Todisco Orlando (2010), La libertà creativa. La modernità del pensare francescano, Padova: Il Messaggero.
Toivanen Juhana, Perception and the Internal Senses: Peter of John Olivi on the Cognitive Functions of the Sensitive Soul, Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Toneatto Valentina (2011), “La richesse des Franciscains. Autour du débat sur les rapports entre économie et religion au Moyen Âge”, Médiévales, 60/2011, pp. 187-202: 198.
Totaro Francesco (1988), “Razionalità ed etica economica”, in Crepaldi Giampaolo - Papini Roberto (eds.), Etica e democrazia economica, Genova: Marietti.
Vos Antonie (2006), Philosophy of John Duns Scotus, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
William of Auxerre, Summa Aurea, (ed. J. Ribaillier), Grottaferrata (Roma): Frati Editori Quaracchi, 1980-1987.
Wood Diana (2002), Medieval Economic Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zamagni Stefano (2014), Mercato, Torino : Rosenberg & Sellier.
##submission.format##
##submission.crossmark##
Licença
La revista Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
La revista Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought no cobra por tasas por envío de trabajos, ni tampoco cuotas por la publicación de sus artículos.
