Donaciones y créditos concesionales: impacto en el desarrollo
- Rafael Domínguez Martín Universidad de Cantabria
- Sergio Tezanos Vázquez Universidad de Cantabria
Résumé
Ce document vise à éclairer le débat sur l’impact différentiel des donations et des prêts d’aide au développement. Dans ce but, le débat de la rationalité économique des prêts (commercial et concessionnel) est révisé par rapport aux donations, et d’autres facteurs sont décrits pour expliquer la rapide évolution de l’APD vis-à-vis de la donation, ainsi qu’il propose une nouvelle étude de cas sur l’impact différentiel des donations et des prêts d’APD en Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (ALC) pour la période 1992-2007.
Références
Abbott, G.C.; “Economic Aid as a Unilateral Transfer of Resources”, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (6), 1970, pp. 1213-1227.
Arellano, M. and Bover, O.: “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 1995, pp. 29-51.
Baldwin, D.A.: “The International Development Association: Theory and Practice”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 10 (1), 1961, pp. 86-96.
Baldwin, D.A: “Foreign Aid. Intervention and Influence”, World Politics, 21 (3), 1969, pp. 425-447.
Barro, R.: “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 1991, pp. 407-443.
Bauer, P. T.: Crítica de la teoría del desarrollo, Orbis, Barcelona, 1975.
Bauer, P.T.: Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 1981.
Behrman, J.N.: “Aid for Economic Development and the Objetives of United States Foreign Economic Policy”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 4 (1), 1955, pp. 55-67.
Benham, F.: Economic Aid to Underdevloped Countries. Oxford University Press, New York, 1961.
Berger, M.T.: “After the Third World? History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism”, Third World Quarterly, 25 (1), 2004, pp. 9-39.
Blundell, R. and Bond, S.: “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 1998, pp. 115-143.
Boulding, K.: La economía del amor y del temor, Alianza, Madrid, 1976.
Burnside, C. and Dollar, D.: “Aid, policies and growth: reply”, American Economic Review, 94, 2004, pp. 781-784.
Byres, T.J.: “The White Man’s Burden in a Neo-Colonial Setting”, en BYRES, T.J. (ed.), Foreign Resources and Economic Development. A Symposium on the Report of the Pearson Commission, Frank Cass, Londres, 1972, pp. 77-116.
CAD: Development Database on Aid from DAC Members: DAC online, OECD.Stat, 2011a, disponible en http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/
CAD: Development Co-operation Report 2011, OECD, París, 2011b
CAD: Inside the DAC. A Guide to the OECD Development Assistance Committee. OECD, París, 2011c.
Center for the Study of Civil War: Data on Armed Conflict, 2009, disponible en: http://www.prio.no/CSCW/Datasets/
CEPAL: CEPAL STAT. Estadísticas de América Latina y el Caribe, 2009, disponible en: http://websie.eclac.cl/sisgen/ConsultaIntegrada.asp
Chauvet, L. and Guillaumont, P.: “Aid and growth revisited: Policy, economic vulnerability and political instability”, en TINGODDEN, B., STERN, N. and KOLSTAD, I. (eds.): Towards pro-poor policies – Aid, Institutions and Globalization, World Bank / Oxford University Press, Washington DC, 2004, pp. 95-109.
Clark, Elizabeth S.; “The Millenium Challenge Account: Spur to Democracy”, Foreign Service Journal, abril 2005, pp. 31-35.
Cleveland, H.: The theory and practice of foreign aid. A Paper prepared for the Special Studies Project of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Syracuse University, 1956.
Cleveland, H.: “The Convalescence of Foreign Aid”, American Economic Review, 49 (2), 1959, pp. 216-231.
Cohen, D., Jacquet, P. y Reisen, H.: “After Gleneagles: What Role for Loans in ODA?”, OECD Development Centre Policy Brief, 31, 2006.
Cohen, D., Jacquet, P. y Reisen, H.: “Loans or Grants”, Discussion Paper UNU-WIDER, 2007/06.
Coffin, F. M.: Witness for Aid, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1964.
Daniels, W.M. (ed.): The Point Four Program, H.W. Wilson Co., New York, 1951.
Domínguez, R.: “50 años del Comité de Ayuda al Desarrollo de la OCDE”, Claves para el Desarrollo, 2011/07.
Easterly, W.: The White Man’s Burden. Why the west’s efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
Friedman, M.: “Foreign economid aid: means and objetives”, The Yale Review, 47 (4), 1958, pp. 500-516.
Garcimartín, C.: “Un análisis crítico de las regresiones de convergencia”, Principios, Estudios de Economía Política, 9, 2007, pp. 71-90.
Griffin, Keith: “Pearson and the Political Economy of Aid”, en BYRES, T.J. (ed.), Foreign Resources and Economic Development. A Symposium on the Report of the Pearson Commission, Frank Cass, Londres, 1972, pp. 117-134.
Gupta, S. et al.: “Foreign Aid and Revenue Response. Does the Composition of Aid Matter?”, IMF Working Paper, 2003/176.
Harrod, R.F.: “Assisting Underdeveloped Regions”, Confluence, An International Forum, octubre 1955, pp. 335-346.
Hattori, T.: “The moral politics of foreign aid”, Review on International Studies, 29 (2), 2003, pp. 229-247.
Hayes, S.P.: “An Official Interpretation”, en DANIELS, W.M. (ed.): The Point Four Program, H.W. Wilson Co., New York, 1951, pp. 12-17.
Hayter, T.: Aid as Imperialism, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1971.
Heilperin, M.A.: “Private Means of Implementing Point Four”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 268, 1950, pp. 54-65.
Hirschman, A.O. y Bird, R.M.: “Ayuda externa: una crítica y una proposición”, en Hirschman, A.O.: Desarrollo y América Latina. Obstinación por la esperanza, FCE, México, 1973, pp. 191-217.
Horvarth, J.: “Foreign Economic Aid in the International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences: A Review Article”, Journal of Economic Literature, 9 (2), 1971, pp. 432-441.
Hudson, M.: “The Political Economy of Foreign Aid”, en GOULET, D. y HUDSON, M., The myth of aid. The hidden agenda of the development reports, Orbis Books, Maryknoll, 1971, pp. 73-143.
Huntington, S.P.: “Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)”, Foreign Policy, 2, 1971, pp. 114-1344.
Jaster, R,S.: “Foreign Aid and Economic Development: The Shifting Soviet View”, International Affairs, 45 (3), 1969, pp. 452-464.
Jakelen, H. y Zimmerman, J.: A Third Way for Official Development Assistance. Savings and Conditional Cash Transfers to the Poor, UNDP / New America Foundation, New York, 2011.
Johnson, H.G.: La economía mundial en la encrucijada, Labor, Barcelona, 1968.
Johnson, H.G.: “The ‹‹Crisis of Aid›› and the Pearson Report”, en BYRES, T.J. (ed.), Foreign Resources and Economic Development. A Symposium on the Report of the Pearson Commission, Frank Cass, Londres, 1972, pp. 135-154.
Johnson, W.: “Thinking About Foreign Aid”, World Affairs, 122 (1), 1959, pp. 9-13.
Kalijarvi, T.V.: “Point Four in the Contemporary Setting”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 268, 1950, pp. 1-8.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastruzzi, M. : The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, 2009, disponible en: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp
Krasner, S.D.: “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables”, International Organization, 36 (2), 1982, pp. 185-205.
Lacoste, Y.: Geografía del subdesarrollo, Ariel, Barcelona, 1982.
Lappé, F.M., Collins, J. y Kinley, D.: Aid as Obstacle. Twenty Questions about our Foreign Aid and the Hungry, Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1981.
Leipziger, D.M.: “Lending Versus Giving: The Economics of Foreign Assistance”, World Development, 11 (4), 1983, pp. 329-335.
Lumsdaine, D.H.: Moral Vision in Interntional Politics. The Foreign Aid Regime, 1949-1989, Princenton University Press, Princenton, 1993.
Meier, G.E.: “Ayuda exterior: aspectos económicos”, en David L. SILLS: Enciclopedia Internacional de las Ciencias Sociales, Aguilar, Madrid, 1977, vol. I, pp. 659-666.
Mikesell, R.F.; The Economics of Foreign Aid, Aldine Transaction, New Brunswick, 1968. 123.
Millikan, M.F. y Rostow, W.W.: A Proposal Key to an Effective Foreign Policy, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1957.
Montgomery, J.D.: The Politics of Foreingn Aid. American Experience in Southeast Asia, Frederik A. Praeger, New York, 1962.
Montrie, C.: “The Organization and Functions of Foreign Aid”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 21 (4), 1973, pp. 697-713.
Morray, J.P.: “Aid without Tears: Opportunism in Foreign Development Policy”, California Law Review, 46 (5), 1958, pp. 665-698.
Morrisey, O., Islei, O. y M’anja, D.: “Aid Loans versus Aid Grants: Are the Effects Different”, Credit Research Paper, 06/2007.
Myrdal, G.: Reto a la pobreza, Ariel, Barcelona, 1977.
Nunnenkamp, P., Thiele, R. y Wilfer, T.: “Grants Versus Loans: Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing”, Kiel Economic Policy Papers, 4/2005
Nurske, R: “Foreign Aid and the Theory of Economic Development”, The Scientific Monthly, 85 (2), 1957, pp. 81-85.
Odedokun, Matthew: “Economics and Politics of Offical Loans versus Grants. Panoramic Issues and Empirical Evidence”, Discussion Paper UNU-WIDER, 2003/04.
OECD: Measurgin Aid. 50 Years of DAC Statistics, 1961-2011, OECD, París, 2011.
OLDS, E. G.: “Distribution of sums of squares of rank differences for small samples”, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 9, 1938.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud: Datos y Estadísticas, 2009, disponible en: http://www.paho.org/spanish/dd/ais/coredata.htm
Paterson, T.G.: “Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program”, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 56 (2), 1972-73, pp. 119-126.
Pearson, L.B. (dir.): Partners in Development. Report of the Commission on International Development, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1969.
Poats, R.M.: Twenty-five Years of Development Co-operation. A Review, OECD, París, 1986.
Renard, R. y Cassimon, D.: “The Quality of Aid Statistics. What We Should Be Measuring, and Why We Don’t”, Tijdschirft voor Economie en Management, 48 (4), 2003, pp. 653-674.
Richards, L.: “The Context of Foreign Aid: Modern Imperialism”, Review of Radical Political Economics, 9 (4), 1977, pp. 43-75.
RIST, G.: El desarrollo: historia de una creencia occidental, Los Libros de la Catarata, Madrid, 2002.
Rockefeller, N.D. (dir.): Partners in Progress. A Report to the President by the International Development Advisory Board, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1951.
Rogerson, A., Hewitt, A. y Waldenberg, D.: “The International Aid System 2005-2010. Forces For and Against Change”, Overseas Development Institute Working Paper, 235, 2004.
Roodman, D.: “A note on the theme of too many instruments”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, nº 125, 2008.
Roodman, D.: “How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata”, The STATA Journal, 9 (1), 2009, pp. 86-136.
Rosestein-Rodan, P.N.: “International aid for underdeveloped countries”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 43 (2), 1961, pp. 107-138.
Sandford, J.E.: “World Bank: IDA Loans versus IDA Grants”, World Development, 30 (5), 2002, pp. 741-762.
Schmidt, W.E.: “The Economics of Charity: Loans versus Grants”, Journal of Political Economy, 72 (4), 1964, pp. 387-395.
Sen, R.E.: “Whiter Aid?”, Southern American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 53 (5), 1971, pp. 768-776.
Severino, J.M. y Ray, O.: “The End of ODA: Death and Rebirth of a Global Public Policy”, Working Paper Center for Global Development, 167, 2009.
Singer, H.W.: “Algunos problemas de la ayuda internacional”, 1970, en CAIRNCROSS, A. y Puri, M. (comps.), H.W. Singer. La estrategia de desarrollo internacional. Ensayos sobre el atraso económico, FCE, México, 1981, pp. 148-168.
Singer, H.W.: “La controversia de la relación de intercambio y la evolución del financiamiento en condiciones concesionarias: los primeros años de la ONU”, en MEIER, G. M. y SEERS, D. (eds.), Pioneros del desarrollo, Tecnos, Madrid, 1986, pp. 275-303.
Streeten, P.P.: “Dicotomías del desarrollo”, en MEIER, G.M. y SEERS, D. (eds.), del desarrollo, Tecnos, Madrid, 1986, pp. 337-360.
Tarp, F.: “Aid and development”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, 13 (1), 2006, pp. 9-61.
Tezanos, S. (Dir.): América Latina y el Caribe. Mapa estratégico para la cooperación del siglo XXI, CIVITAS – Thomson Reuters, Madrid, 2010.
Tezanos, S. y Guijarro, M.: “Desigualdad, ayuda y crecimiento: impacto macroeconómico de donaciones y créditos de ayuda en América Latina y el Caribe”, Documentos de trabajo sobre cooperación y desarrollo 2010/03, Cátedra de Cooperación Internacional y con Iberoamérica, Universidad de Cantabria, disponible en http://www.ciberoamericana.unican.es/workingpapers.htm
Tezanos, S., Madrueño, R. y Guijarro, M.: “Impacto de la ayuda sobre el crecimiento económico. El caso de América Latina y el Caribe”, Cuadernos Económicos, Información Comercial Española, 78, 2009, pp. 187-220.
Tezanos, S.: “Ayuda y crecimiento: una relación en disputa”, Revista de Economía Mundial, 26, diciembre, 2010, pp. 237-259.
Thérien, J.P.: “Debating Foreign Aid: Right versus Left”, Third World Quarterly, 23 (3), 2002, pp. 449-466.
Thorp, W.L.: “The Objetive of Point Four”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 268, 1950, pp. 21-26.
Thorp, W.L.: “Foreign Aid: A Report of the Reports”, Foreign Affairs, 48, 1970, pp. 561-573.
Thorp, W.L.: “The DAC’s Expanding Influence”, en POATS, R.M., Twenty-five Years of Development Co-operation. A Review, OECD, París, 1986, pp. 45-49.
UN: Measures for the Economic Development of Underdevloped Countries, United Nations, New York, 1951.
US Energy Information Administration: Independent Statistics and Analysis, 2009, disponible en http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Viner, J.: “The Need for External Assistance of Underdeloped Countries”, Confluence, An International Forum, octubre 1955, pp. 347-355.
Viner, J.: Comercio internacional y desarrollo económico, Tecnos, Madrid, 1966.
White, H. y Woestman, L.: “The Quality of Aid: Measuring Trends in Donor Performance”, Development and Change, 25 (3), 1994, pp. 527-554.
Wilcox, F.O.: “The United Nations Program for Technical Assistance”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 268, 1950, pp. 45-53.
Wolf-Phillips, L.: “Why ‘Third World’?: Definition and Usage”, Third World Quarterly, 9 (4), 1987, pp. 1311-1327.
World Bank: Aid Architecture. An Overview of the Main Trends in Official Development Assistance Flows, World Bank Group, Washington DC, 2008.
Wolrd Bank: World Development Indicators 2009, Washington DC, 2009.
Format
Crossmark
Licence
Revista Española de Desarrollo y Cooperación, para fomentar el intercambio global del conocimiento, facilita el acceso sin restricciones a sus contenidos desde el momento de su publicación en la presente edición electrónica, y por eso es una revista de acceso abierto. Los originales publicados en esta revista son propiedad de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es obligatorio citar su procedencia en cualquier reproducción total o parcial. Todos los contenidos se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario. Puede consultar la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
