All roads lead to Cyprus
- Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez Priego Complutense University of Madrid
Abstract
This paper deals with the trade diasporas model as an alternative view to the pre-colonial concept. Foreign merchants and craftsmen would have settled on an individual basis among Central and Western Mediterranean host communities well before the time of Phoenician and Greek colonies.
Author Biography
Departamento de Prehistoria. UCM.
References
Almagro M. (1983): Colonizzacione e aculturazione nella Peninsola Iberica. Forme di contacto e prozessi di trasformazione nelle società antiche.Roma-Pisa: 429-461.
Almagro, M./Lorrio, A./Mederos, A./Torres, M. (2011-12): El mito de Telepinu y el altar primordial en forma de piel de toro. CuPAUAM 37-38:241-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15366/cupauam2012.38.012
Artzy, M. (2006): The Jatt hoard in Northen Canaanite/Phoenician and Cypriot context. Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea 14.
Aubet, Mª. .E. (2002): Notas sobre tres pesas fenicias descubiertas en el Cerro del Villar (Málaga): Da Pyrgi a Mozia: studi sull' archeologia del Mediterraneo in memoria di Antonia Ciasca. (M.G. Amadasi Guzzo/M. Liverani/P. Matthiae eds. La Sapienza), Roma: 29-40.
Aubet, Mª.E. (2008): Political and economic implications of the new phoenician chronologies. Beyond the homeland. Markers in Phoenician chronology.(C. Sagona ed). Peeters Leuven:179-191.
Bartelheim, M./Kizilduman, B./Müller, U./Pernicka, E./Tekel, H. (2008): The Late Bronze Age hoard of Kaleburnu/Galinoporni on Cyprus. Památky Archeologické XCIX: 161-188.
Bartoloni, P. & Botto, M. (2015): The “Phoenician” bronzes from the Italian Peninsula and Sardinia. Phoenician bronzes in Mediterranean.(J. Jiménez, ed): BAH 45. Madrid: 295-373.
Bell, C.(2006): The evolution of long distance trading relationships across the LBA/Iron Age transition on the Northern Levantine coast.B.A.R. (IS) 1574, Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841719993
Ben-Dor Evian, Sh. (2017): Ramesses III and the "Sea-peoples": Towards a New Philistine Paradigm. Oxford Journal of Archaeology. Vol 36, 3: 367-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12115
Ben-Yosef, E. (2019): Archaeological Science brightens Mediterranean Dark Age. PNAS 116 (13):13-15. doi.10.1073/pnas.1901885116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901885116
Berrocal, L./Silva, A./Prados, F. (2012): El castro dos Ratinhos, un ejemplo de orientalización entre las jefaturas del Bronce Final. Sidéreium Anna II. Anejos AEArq LXII (J.Jiménez ed): 167-183.
Boardman, J. 1990: Al Mina and History. OJA 9(2): 169-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00221.x
Bordreuil, P. & Doumet-Serhal, C. (2013): Un Nouveau Temple Phénicien à Sidon (Note d'Information). Comptes Rendues de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres: 82-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2013.95294
Carter, J. (1995): Ancestor cult and the occasion of homeric performance. The Ages of Homer. (J. Carter & S. Morris eds), University of Texas. Austin: 285-312.
Castellana,G.(1998):Il santuario castellucciano di Monte Grande e l’approvvigionamento dello zolfo nel Mediterraneo nell’età del Bronzo. Beni Culturale, Palermo.
Cerchiai, L. & Nava M.L. (2008-9): Un scarabeo del lyre-player group da monte Vetrano (Salerno). AION 15-16: 101-108
Coldstream, N. (1993): Mixed marriages at the frontiers of the Early Greek World. OJA 12(1).89-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00284.x
Cornelius, I. (1994): The iconography of the Canaanite gods Resehf and Ba‛al. Late Bronze Age and Iron periods (1500-1000 BCE). Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
Crewe, L. (2009): Feasting with the dead? Tomb 66 at Enkomi.Ancient Cyprus in the British Museum. (Th. Kiely ed),BM Research Publication 180: 27-48.
Curtin, Ph.D. (1984): Cross-cultural trade in World History.Cambridge Univ. Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661198
Dietler, M. (1995): The cup of Gypsis: rethinking the colonial encounter in Early Iron Age Western Europe and the relevance of the World-systems models. JEA 3 (2). 89-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/096576695800703720
Escacena, J.L. (2010): El Carambolo y la construcción de la Arqueología Tartésica. El Carambolo. 50 años de un tesoro. (M. de la Bandera & E. Ferrer eds), Sevilla:99-148.
Fletcher, R. (2004): Sidonians, Tyrians and Greeks in the Mediterranean: the evidence from Egyptian amulets. Ancient West & East 3: 51-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405139_005
Eshel, T./ Yahalom-Mack, N./Shalev, S./ Tirosh, O/ Erel, Y. & Gilboa, A. (2018): Four Iron Age Silver Hoards from Southern Phoenicia: From Bundles to Hacksilver. BASOR 379:197-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.379.0197
Eshel, T./ Erel, Y./ Yahalom-Mack, N./ Tirosh, O. & Gilboa, A. (2019): Lead isotopes in silver reveal earliest Phenician quest for metals in the West Mediterranean. PNAS 116 nº13:6007-6012.Doi 10.1073/pnas.1817951116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817951116
Eshel, T./Gilboa, A./Yahalom-Mack, N./Tirosh, O. & Erel, Y. (2021): Debasement of silver throughout the Late Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in the Southern Levant: Analytical and cultural implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 125. 105268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105268
Galán, E. & Ruiz-Gálvez M. (2010): Writing, ciphers, self-consciousness and private trade at the eve of the Phoenician colonization. Proceedings of the VIth International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies.(A. M. Arruda ed.), Lisboa:229-237.
Gentelli,L./Blichert-Toft, J./Davis, G./Gitler,H. & Albarède, F. (2021): Metal provenance of Iron Age Hacksilver hoards in the southern Levant.Journal of Archaeological Science 134.105472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105472
Gilboa, A. (2005): Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the Southern Phoenician Coast - A Reconciliation: An Interpretation of Šikila (SKL) Material Culture. BASOR 337: 47-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/BASOR25066874
Gómez, A. (2010): Así en la tierra como en el cielo: el origen oriental de los altares taurodérmicos de la Península Ibérica. Spal 19:129-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/spal.2010.i19.06
González de Canales,F./Serrano,L./Llompart,J. (2004): El emporio fenicio precolonial de Huelva.Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid,
González Ruibal & Ruiz-Gálvez (2016): House Societies in the Anient Mediterranean (2000-500 BC). Journal of world Prehistory 29: 383-437. DOI 10.1007/s10963-016-9098-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-016-9098-8
Graziadio, G. & Guglielmino, R. (2011): The Aegean and Cypriot imports to Italy as evidence for direct and indirect trade in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. Intercultural contexts in the Ancient Mediterranean. (K. Duistermaat & I Regulski eds), Leuven-Paris-Walpole: 309-325.
Gubel, E. 2006: Notes on the Phoenician component of the Orientalizing Horizont. Debating Orientalization.(C. Riva & N. C. Vella eds). Equinox, London-Oakville: 85-93.
Hammilakis, Y. &Sherratt, S. (2012): Feasting and the consuming body in Bronze Age Crete and Early Iron Age Cyprus. Parallel lives: ancient island societies in Crete and Cyprus.(G. Cadogan/M.Iakovou/K.Kopaka/J.Whitleyeds). BSA 20, London: 187-207.
Hodos, T. (1999): Intermarriage in the Western Greek colonies. OJA 18 (1).61-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00071
Horton, M. & Middleton, J. (2001): The Swahili: The social landscape of a mercantile society. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford-Malden, MA.
Iacovou, M. (2006) À contretemps. Late Helladic IIIC syntax and context of Early Iron Age pictorial pottery in Cyprus.Pictorial Pursuits. SIA. (E. Rystedt. & B. Wells. eds), Stockholm: 191-203.
Insoll, T. (2003): The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Knapp, B.A. (1990): Ethnicity, entrepreneurship and exchange. Mediterranean inter-islands relations in the Late Bronze Age. BSA 85:115-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400015616
Knapp, B.A. (2021): Migrations myths and the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. M. Fernández-Götz & B. Arnold (eds): Elements in the Archaeology of Europe. Cambridge Univ. Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108990363
Knapp, B.A. & Manning, S. W. (2016): Crisis in Context. The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. American Journal of Archaeology vol 120 (1): 99-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.120.1.0099
Karageorghis, V. & Raptou, E. (2015): Two new Proto-White Painted ware vases of the pictorial style from Paleopaphos, Cyprus. Opuscula 8:81-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-08-04
Kourou, N. (2008): The Aegean and the Levant in the Early Iron Age. Recent developments .Baal Hors-Série VI:361-374.
Lawergren, B. (1998): Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine and Israelite lyres, and their global lyrical contexts. AJA 309: 41-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1357602
Liverani, M. (2002): Stati ethnichi et città stati. Una tipologia storica per la Prima età del Ferro. Primi Popoli d’Europa. (M. Molinos & A. Zifferero eds). All’ Insegna del Giglio: 33-47.
Lo Schiavo, F.(2000): Bronzi e Bronzetti del Museo G.A. Sanna di Sassari. Imago Media. Sassari.
Lo Schiavo, F. (2009): Appendix IV nº 26 Sàrdara (Cagliari), nuragic village of S. Anastasia. Oxhide ingots in the Central Mediterranean (F. Lo Schiavo, J. Muhly, R. Maddin, A. Giumlia-Mair eds). A.G. Leventis Foundation. CNR. Roma: 362-63.
(2012): Interconnessioni fra Mediterraneo e Atlantico nell’età dell Bronzo. Interacción social y comercio en la antesala del colonialismo.(M. E. Aubet & P. Sureda eds). Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea 21:107-134.
Lo Schiavo, F./Macnamara, H. Vagnetti, L. (1985): Late Cypriot imports to Italy and their influence on local metalwork. BSR LIII: 1-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200011491
Manunza, M. (2008): La stratigrafia del vano a di Funtana Coberta (Ballao-CA). The Journal of Fasti online. www.fastionline.org. Accceso 25-02-2016.
Markoe, G. 2000: Phoenicians. British Museum. Londres
Martínez, M. (2006-8): Aproximación al estudio de la perspectiva en el arte rupestre levantino. Bolskan 23: 127-134.
MazarakisAinian, A. (2006): The archaeology of basileis. (S. Deger-Jalkotzy & I. Lemos eds): 181-212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748627295-013
Mederos, A. (2002): Chipriotas o micénicos. Naves y cargamentos mixtos en el Mediterráneo Central (1300-1200 AC). Academia de España en Roma:85-87.
Mederos, A. (2012): El origen de las estelas decoradas del Suroeste en el Bronce Final II (1325-1150 a.C.) Sidéreium Anna II. (J.Jiménez ed): 417-454.
Middleton, J. (2004): The World of the Swahili: An African mercantile civilization. Yale Univ. Press. New Haven. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.43541
van de Mieroop, M. (2004): A History of the Ancient Near East 3000-323. Blackwell, Maiden.
Mikradis, M. (2013): The destruction of the Mycenaean palaces and the construction of the epic world. Performatives perspectives. Destruction. Archaeological, philological and historical perspectives.( J. Driessen ed). UCL. Louvain.22: 221-242.
Moravetti, A. (1992): Il complesso nuragico di Palmavera. Sardegna Archeologica. Guide e itinerari 20. Carlo Delfino ed, Sassari.
Montjoy, P.A. (1993): Mycenaean pottery. An introduction. Oxford.
Negbi, O. (2005): Urbanism on the Late Bronze Age Cyprus: LCII in retrospect. BASOR 337. 1-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/BASOR25066873
Papasaivas, G. (2004): Cypriot bronze stands and their Mediterranean perspective. Revista d’Arqueologia de Ponent 14:31-59.
Parise, N. (2006): Equivalencias entre las antiguas unidades ponderales en Oriente y las primeras especies monetarias de Occidente. Actas del XII CNN. Madrid-Segovia, 15-22.
Peckham, B. (1998): Phoenicians in Sardinia: “Tyrians or Sidonians”. Sardinian and Aegean Chronology. (M. Balmuth & R. Tykot, eds.). Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 5. Oxford:347-354.
Potzuweit, Ch. (1990): Bemerkungen zur miykenischen Keramik von LLanete de los Moros, Montoro, prov. Córdoba. PZ 65 (1): 53-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-1990-0106
Ratnagar, S. (2003): Theorizing Bronze Age intercultural trade: the evidence of weights. Paleorient 29 (1). 79-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2003.4755
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. (2000): La precolonización revisada. De los modelos del s. XIX al concepto de interacción. Intercambio y comercio preclásico en el Mediterráneo. (P. Fernández/C. González/F. López, eds). CEFYP. Madrid. 9-26.
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. (2013): Con el fenicio en los talones. Bellaterra. Barcelona.
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. (2019a): La Medida del Mundo: Diásporas Mercantiles y Navegación Atlántica en los Umbrales de la Colonización Fenicia. En E. Ferrer Albelda (editor científico): La ruta de las Estrímnides. Navegación y conocimiento del litoral atlántico de Iberia en la Antigüedad: 321-343.
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. (2019b): De Hombres y Dioses: la Estela de Guerrero de Magacela y el RP'UM. En Un Periplo Docente e Investigador.E. Chávez-Álvarez/D. Camalich Massieu & d. Martín Socas (eds): Estudios en Homenaje al profesor Antonio Tejera Gaspar. Universidad de la Laguna:463-479.
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. & Galán, E. (2013): A meal fit for a hero. (M. E. Aubet & P. Sureda eds): Interacción Social y Comercio en la antesala del colonialismo. Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediteerránea vol 1: 43-69.
Ruiz-Gálvez, M. & Galán, E. (2017): From Shepherds to heroes: Mediterranean Iconography of Power in the Far West.En M. Fotiadis/R. Lafineur/Y Lolos 6 A. Vlachopoulos (eds): Hesperos. The Aegean seen from the West.Aegaeum 41 :53-60
Russell, a. & Knapp, A.B. (2017): Sardinia and Cyprus: An Alternative View on Cypriotes in the Central Mediterranean. Papers of the British School at Rome: 1-35. Doi 10.1007/S0068246216000441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246216000441
Sader, H. (1987): Les états araméens de Syrie depuis leurs fondation jusqu' à leur transformation en provinces assyriennes.Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden.
Sciacca, F. (2010a): Commerci fenici nel Tirreno oirientale: un sguardo delle grande necropoli.Bolletino di Archeologia online.www.archeologia.beniculturali.it/pages/publicazioni.html. Acceso 01-02-2016.
(2008b): Veio. La metallotechnica oritentalizzante e il rapporti con 10L’Oriente. Bolletino di Archeologia online.www.archeologia.beniculturali.it/pages/publicazioni.html. Acceso 01-02-2016
Sherratt, S.(2001):Potemkin palaces and route-based economies. Economy and politics in the Mycenaean palace states. (S. Voutsaki & J. Kitten eds). Cambridge: 214-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27h1qbj.17
(2003): The Mediterranean Economy: “Globalization” at the end of the Second Millenium B.C.E. Symbiosis, symbolism and the power of the past.(W.G. Dever & S. Gitin, eds): Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake: 37-62.
Schloen, J. D. (2001): The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol. Eisenbrauns Winona Lake. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004369849
Stampolidis, N. &Kotsonas, A. (2006): Phoenicians in Crete.(S Deger-Jalkotzy & I Lemos, eds): 337-362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748627295-020
Stein, G. (2002): Colonies without colonialism: A trade diaspora model of fourth millennium B.C. Mesopotamian enclaves in Anatolia. The Archaeology of Colonialism. (C. Lyons & J. Papadopoulos, eds). Getty Research Institute, Los Ángeles: 26-64.
Stein, G. (2005): The political economies of Mesopotamia. Colonial encounters. The Archaeology of colonial encounters. Comparative perspectives. G. Stein (ed). School of Advanced research Seminars Series. Santa Fe: 143-171.
Torres, M. (2002): Tartessos. Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid.
Torres, M. (2012): La precolonización en Extremadura. (J. Jiménez Ávila ed): 455-473.
Uckerman, M. (2011): The function of Bronze Age shields. Bronze Age warfare. Manufacture and use of weaponry (M. Uckerman& M. Mödlingereds). BAR. IS.2255, Oxford: 187-199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407308227
Vagnetti, L(1993): Mycenaean pottery in Italy: fifty years of study. Wace and Blegen. Pottery as evidence for trade in the Aegean Bronze Age.(C. & P. Zerner/J. Winder, eds). J.C. Gieben, Amsterdam: 143-157
Vagnetti, L/Betelli, M./Damiani, I eds (2005): L’avorio in Italia nell Età dell Bronzo. ISMEA. Roma.
Van Wijngaarden, G.J. (2002): Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery. Amsterdam Archaeologial Studies 8.Amsterdam. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048505043
Veenhof, K.R. (1982): The old Assirian merchants and their relations with native populations of Anatolia. Mesopotamia un seine Nachbarn. (H.J. Nissen, & J. Renger, Hergs). Reimer Berlin:147-160.
Veenhof, K.R. (2003): Trade and politics in Ancient Assur. Balancing of public, colonial and entrepreneurial interests. Mercanti e Politica nel Mondo Anticho.(C. Zaccagnini ed). L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma: 69-118.
Vilaça, R. (2007): Todos os caminos vâo a dar a Ocidente: trocas e contactos no Bronze Final. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oleiras: 135-154.
Vilaça, R. (2013): Late Bronze Age: Mediterranean impacts in the western end of the Iberian Peninsula (actions and reactions). (M. E. Aubet & P. Sureda eds): 13-41.
Vilaça, R. & Cunha, E. (2005): A Roça do Casal do Meio, (Calhariz, Sesimbra). Novos contributos. Al-Madan Segunda Serie nº13: 48-57.
Wood, J.R. (2018): The transmission of silver and silver extraction technology across the Mediterranean in Late Prehistory: An archaeological science approach to investigating the westward expansion of the Phoenicians.PH Thesis. Ucla.
Wood, J.R. & Montero Ruiz, I. (2019a): Semi-refined silver for the silversmiths of the Iron Age Mediterranean. A mechanism for the elusiveness of the Iberian silver. Trabajos de Prehistoria 76 (2): 272-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2019.12237
Wood, J.R. & Montero Ruiz, I. & Martinon-Torres, M. (2019b): From Iberia o Southern Levant: The Movement of Silver Across the Mediterranean in the early Iron Age. Journal of World Prehistory 32: 1-31. Doi org/10.1007/s10963-018-091128-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-018-09128-3
Wood, J.R./Bell, C. & Montero Ruiz, I (2020): The Origin of Tel Dor Hacksilver and the Westward Expansion of the Phoenician in the Early Iron Age. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies vol 8.1:1-21. DOI 10.5335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.8.1.0001
Yon, M. (1992): The end of the Kingdom of Ugarit. The crisis years: the 12th century B.C. from beyond the Danube to the Tigris. (W. Ward & M. Sharp Joukowski, eds): Kendall &Hunt, Dubuque: 111-122.
Xella, P. (2000): Una cuestión de vida o muerte: Baal de Ugarit y los dioses fenicios. Actas del IIº Congreso Internacional del Mundo Púnico. Cartagena:33-46.
Zorea, C. (2018): Theories about the bronze bowl of Berzocana and the East Mediterranean in the 12th - 10th centuries B.C. Complutum 29 (2): 339-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/CMPL.62584
Zorea, C. (2020): The bronze bowl of Berzocana and its connetions to the East Mediterranean. MYTRA 5. Actas del IXº Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos. TºIII: 1427-1439.
Zorea, C. (2021): Los Pueblos de Canaán, Chipre e Iberia (siglos 12 a 10 a.C.). Tesis
Doctoral. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Format
Crossmark
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Complutum is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
