Fragmentation of academic risk assessment and perception: bibliographic review and experimental design in financial education
- Sergio Lopez Moreno Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Alejandro Hortal Sanchez University of North Carolina - Greensboro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-4488
Resumen
[Planteamiento del problema] Esta investigación aborda cómo los sesgos cognitivos, especialmente la aversión a la pérdida, afectan el bienestar y la motivación de los estudiantes universitarios en titulaciones económico-financieras, en función del diseño del sistema de evaluación.
[Novedad y originalidad de la investigación] La originalidad radica en aplicar la Teoría de la Perspectiva al contexto educativo, proponiendo que la fragmentación de la evaluación puede actuar como mecanismo de regulación emocional y cognitiva.
[Objetivo general] El objetivo principal es explorar, mediante revisión bibliométrica, la relación entre economía conductual, bienestar estudiantil y estrategias evaluativas en educación financiera, como base para una futura investigación empírica.
[Método] Se ha realizado una revisión estructurada de 167 artículos indexados en Scopus y Web of Science, siguiendo criterios PRISMA y empleando herramientas como VOSviewer para el análisis de coocurrencias.
[Diseño de la investigación] La investigación se estructura en tres fases: identificación de tendencias temáticas, análisis de sesgos cognitivos relevantes y propuesta de diseño experimental para una segunda fase empírica.
[Principales resultados] Los resultados sugieren que la evaluación fragmentada reduce el impacto emocional de la pérdida académica percibida, mejora el bienestar subjetivo y aumenta la satisfacción estudiantil. Se propone un estudio de campo con dos grupos de estudiantes, evaluados mediante escalas validadas de bienestar y satisfacción, para contrastar estas hipótesis.
Referencias
Ahmad, M., & Wu, Q. (2024). Heuristic-driven biases as mental shortcuts in investment management activities: a qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 16(2), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-10-2022-0167.
Amos Tversky, & Daniel Kahneman. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Levine’s Working Paper Archive, David K. Levine. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cla/levarc/7656.html.
An, M., Ma, X., & Wu, H. (2023). Medical students’ academic satisfaction: Social cognitive factors matter. Medical Education, 57(12), 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15070.
Andiola, L. M., Bedard, J. C., & Hux, C. T. (2017). Writing a literature review in Behavioural Accounting Research. In The Routledge Companion to Behavioural Accounting Research (pp. 473–486). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315710129-30.
Arroyo, A., Curran, T., & Ruppel, E. K. (2022). Direct and indirect associations among self-disclosure skills, social support, and psychosocial outcomes during the transition to college. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(3), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211036741.
Baker, H. K., Kumar, S., Goyal, N., & Gaur, V. (2019). How financial literacy and demographic variables relate to behavioral biases. Managerial Finance, 45(1), 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-01-2018-0003.
Balakina, O., Balasubramaniam, V., Dimri, A., & Sane, R. (2026). Unshrouding product-specific attributes through financial education. Journal of Development Economics, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103604.
Barbé, A. D., Casas, D. G., Cisneros, L. V. D., & Viejo, J. M. P. (2025). Impact of Coping Strategies on the Academic Satisfaction of University Students and Their Association with Socioeconomic Variables. Psicología Educativa, 31(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2024a12.
Brosnan, S. F., & Jones, O. D. (2023). Using an evolutionary approach to improve predictive ability in the social sciences: Property, the endowment effect, and law. Evolution and Human Behavior, 44(3), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.001.
Caleon, I. S., & King, R. B. (2021). Examining the Phenomenon of Resilience in Schools. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000572.
Carmignola, M., Martinek, D., & Hagenauer, G. (2021). ‘At first I was overwhelmed, but then—I have to say—I did almost enjoy it’. Psychological needs satisfaction and vitality of student teachers during the first Covid-19 lockdown. Social Psychology of Education, 24(6), 1607–1641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09667-2.
Dale-Jones, G., Hancock, P., & Willey, K. (2013). Accounting Students in an Australian University Improve their Writing: But How Did it Happen? Accounting Education, 22(6), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2013.847321.
Day, R. H. (1971). Rational choice and economic behavior. Theory and Decision, 1(3), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139569.
de la Fuente, A., Cardeñoso, O., Chang, E. C., Lucas, A. G., Li, M., & Chang, O. D. (2023). The role of problem-solving ability, beyond academic motivation, in college students’ psychological adjustment. Current Psychology, 42(21), 17888–17897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02945-y.
Delgado, L., & Shealy, T. (2018). Opportunities for greater energy efficiency in government facilities by aligning decision structures with advances in behavioral science. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3952–3961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.078.
Derous, E., & Ryan, A. M. (2008). When earning is beneficial for learning: The relation of employment and leisure activities to academic outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.003.
Ebrahimigharehbaghi, S., Qian, Q. K., de Vries, G., & Visscher, H. J. (2022). Application of cumulative prospect theory in understanding energy retrofit decision: A study of homeowners in the Netherlands. Energy and Buildings, 261, 111958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111958.
Esson, J., & Ertl, H. (2016). No point worrying? Potential undergraduates, study-related debt, and the financial allure of higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 41(7), 1265–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.968542.
Etherton, K., Steele-Johnson, D., Salvano, K., & Kovacs, N. (2022). Resilience effects on student performance and well-being: the role of self-efficacy, self-set goals, and anxiety. The Journal of General Psychology, 149(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1835800.
Gadosey, C. K., Grunschel, C., Kegel, L. S., Schnettler, T., Turhan, D., Scheunemann, A., Bäulke, L., Thomas, L., Buhlmann, U., Dresel, M., Fries, S., Leutner, D., & Wirth, J. (2022). Study satisfaction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal development and personal-contextual predictors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918367.
Glei, D. A., Goldman, N., & Weinstein, M. (2019). A growing socioeconomic divide: Effects of the Great Recession on perceived economic distress in the United States. PLoS ONE, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214947.
Grp, P.-P., Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2016). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE NUTRICION HUMANA Y DIETETICA, 20(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.20.2.223.
Gu, L. (2023). Executives’ financial experience and myopic marketing management: A myopic loss-aversion perspective. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113587.
Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., & Stewart, G. (2018). Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature, 555(7695), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25753.
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020 : An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020‐compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230.
Hardies, K., Ohlrogge, F., Mentens, J., & Vandennieuwenhuysen, J. (2024). A Guide for Accounting Researchers to Conduct and Report Systematic Literature Reviews. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 36(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.2308/BRIA-2022-042.
Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2012). Anxiety and Decision-Making. Biological Psychiatry, 72(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.027.
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, & Welch VA (editors). (2024). Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024) (Cochrane). Available from www.cochrane.org/handbook.
Irfan, M. R., Waseem, F. M., Zahra, T., & Liaquat, A. (2025). Using Play‐Dough to Enhance Neuroanatomy Learning and Mitigate Student Stress. The Clinical Teacher, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.70052.
Jin, S., & Liu, C. (2025). From Human Mind to Artificial Intelligence: Advancing AI Value Alignment Through Psychological Theories. Journal of Psychological Science, 48(4), 782–791. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20250402.
Kaiser, T., & Menkhoff, L. (2017). Does financial education impact financial literacy and financial behavior, and if so, when? World Bank Economic Review, 31(3), 611–630. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx018.
Kawamura, T., Mori, T., Motonishi, T., & Ogawa, K. (2021). Is Financial Literacy Dangerous? Financial Literacy, Behavioral Factors, and Financial Choices of Households. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2021.101131.
Leclercq, V., Beaudart, C., Ajamieh, S., Rabenda, V., Tirelli, E., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Meta-analyses indexed in PsycINFO had a better completeness of reporting when they mention PRISMA. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 115, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.06.014.
Li, R., Niu, Z., Liu, C., & Wu, B. (2024). The co-movement effect of managers’ psychological factors on the BIM adoption decision in SMEs: a study based on fsQCA. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31(4), 1454–1472. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-08-2022-0721.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700.
Liu, J., & Han, F. (2020). Investigating Reference Dependence Effects on User Search Interaction and Satisfaction. Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 1141–1150. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397271.3401085.
Liu, J., Jin, X., Wang, T., & Yuan, Y. (2015). Robust multi-period portfolio model based on prospect theory and ALMV-PSO algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(20), 7252–7262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.063.
Liu, M., Fang, S., Dong, H., & Xu, C. (2021). Review of digital twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 58, 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.06.017.
Lo, A. W. (2004). The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 30(5), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2004.442611.
Maheshwari, H., Samantaray, A. K., Sandhu, K., & Panigrahi, R. R. (2025). Insight over instinct: AI’s role in rationalizing investment decisions. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 33(4), 672–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-12-2024-0455.
Massaro, M., Dumay, J., & Guthrie, J. (2016). On the shoulders of giants: undertaking a structured literature review in accounting. ACCOUNTING AUDITING & ACCOUNTABILITY JOURNAL, 29(5), 767–801. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2015-1939.
McCabe, P. J. (2018). Elizabeth Usher Memorial Lecture: How do we change our profession? Using the lens of behavioural economics to improve evidence-based practice in speech-language pathology. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(3), 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1460526.
Merhi, R., Sánchez-Elvira Paniagua, Á., & Palací Descals, F. J. (2018). The Role of Psychological Strengths, Coping Strategies and Well-Being in the Prediction of Academic Engagement and Burnout in First-Year University Students. Acción Psicológica, 15(2), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.15.2.21831.
Mireles Vázquez, M. G., & García García, J. A. (2022). Satisfacción estudiantil en universitarios: una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Revista Educación. https://doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v46i2.47621.
Monroy Cely, D. A. (2017). Nudges y decisiones inconscientes: sesgo de statu quo y políticas públicas en Colombia. Desafíos, 29(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.4725.
Moreira Costa, V., De Sá Teixeira, N. A., Cordeiro Santos, A., & Santos, E. (2021). When more is less in financial decision-making: financial literacy magnifies framing effects. Psychological Research, 85(5), 2036–2046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01372-7.
Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. (2017). Unpacking buyer-seller differences in valuation from experience: A cognitive modeling approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(6), 1742–1773. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1237-4.
Pascual Ezama, D., Camacho Miñano, M. M., Urquía Grande, E., & Müller, A. (2011). ¿Son los nuevos criterios de evaluación en el marco del EEES adecuados para valorar el rendimiento académico de los alumnos? Experiencia en Contabilidad Financiera? EDUCADE - Revista de Educación En Contabilidad, Finanzas y Administración de Empresas, 2, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.12795/EDUCADE.2011.i02.05.
Phương, W. T. N., & Bảo Dung, Đ. T. (2024). AN INVESTIGATION INTO STUDENTS’ SENSE OF BELONGING: A CASE STUDY AT A UNIVERSITY IN VIETNAM. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 16(42), 146–179. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v16i42.11656.
Rana, V., Singh, V., Singh, A. R., Rao, M. S., & Kashyap, K. (2025). Promoting real estate sensitivity among AEC students: a board game-based approach to applied learning. Architectural Engineering and Design Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2025.2499560.
Rau, D., & Bromiley, P. (2025). A review of cognitive biases in strategic decision making. Long Range Planning, 58(3), 102529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2025.102529.
Reach, G. (2013). A psychophysical account of patient non-adherence to medical prescriptions. The case of insulin dose adjustment. Diabetes & Metabolism, 39(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2012.08.009.
Rosacker, K. M., & Rosacker, R. E. (2016). An exploratory study of financial literacy training for accounting and business majors. The International Journal of Management Education, 14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2015.11.002.
Rosales-Pérez, A. M., Fernández-Gámez, M. A., Torroba-Díaz, M., & Molina-Gómez, J. (2021). A study of the emotional intelligence and personality traits of university finance students. Education Sciences, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010025.
Sabagh, Z., Hall, N. C., & Saroyan, A. (2018). Antecedents, correlates and consequences of faculty burnout. Educational Research, 60(2), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2018.1461573.
Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W., Martínez, I., & Bresó, E. (2010). How obstacles and facilitators predict academic performance: the mediating role of study burnout and engagement. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802609965.
Sayão, L. F., & Baião, F. A. (2023). An Ontology- based Data-driven Architecture for Analyzing Cognitive Biases in Decision-making. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3564, 116–122. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179140186&partnerID=40&md5=fbab38bd2fa0f38c99926556ceef7f97.
Shealy, T., & Klotz, L. (2017). Choice Architecture as a Strategy to Encourage Elegant Infrastructure Outcomes. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000311.
Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2019). How to Do a Systematic Review: A Best Practice Guide for Conducting and Reporting Narrative Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Syntheses. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803.
Sverdlik, A., & Hall, N. C. (2020). Not just a phase: Exploring the role of program stage on well-being and motivation in doctoral students. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 26(1), 97–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477971419842887.
Swar, B., & Hameed, T. (2017). Fear of Missing out, Social Media Engagement, Smartphone Addiction and Distraction: Moderating Role of Self-Help Mobile Apps-based Interventions in the Youth. Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006166501390146.
Travis, J., Kaszycki, A., Geden, M., & Bunde, J. (2020). Some stress is good stress: The challenge-hindrance framework, academic self-efficacy, and academic outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(8), 1632–1643. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000478.
Tuominen-Soini, H., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: Profiles, progressions, and educational outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033898.
Wang, Y., King, R. B., Fu, L. K., & Leung, S. O. (2024). Understanding Students’ Subjective and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Combining both Machine Learning and Classical Statistics. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 19(1), 67–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10232-6.
Yongchun, H., Shiliang, H., Zi, Y., & Guangming, L. (2021). Entrepreneurship or employment? The analysis of dynamic utility maximization from the perspective of behavioral economics. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 35(6), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2021.06.007.
Yoo, H. J., & Marshall, D. T. (2022). Examining the relationship between motivation, stress, and satisfaction among graduate students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 46(3), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1962518.

