Information and communication technologies and China’s international communication to the world
- Debao Xiang Beijing Foreign Studies University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9204
- Weihan Cai Shanghai International Studies University https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7498-2305
Abstract
Over four decades, ICT rapidly proliferated in China, transforming, and reshaping the country’s international communication in theory and practice. In parallel with economic achievements after the reform and opening-up, China aspires to enhance accordingly its international influence, thus requiring its media to emerge on the global stage. The article suggests that ICT plays a significant role in driving Chinese media’s global outreach, thereby enhancing soft power and improving its national image. Against the backdrop of continuous hegemony and unbalance in the global communication networks, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) launched by China aims to benefit developing countries in the Global South by constructing ICT infrastructures. Following the practice, the concept of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind was advanced to promote multilateral cooperation and better communication. China shoulders unprecedented responsibilities in an increasingly multipolar world where a new global communication order is expected.
Author Biographies
Xiang Debao is a professor at the School of International Journalism and Communication at Beijing Foreign Studies University, and the director of the International Public Opinion and Global Governance Research Center. He has been a Fulbright Senior Visiting Scholar in the United States, a Shanghai Pujiang Talent, and an Outstanding Academic Leader at Beijing Foreign Studies University. He received a doctorate from the School of Journalism and Communication of Tsinghua University and Macquarie University in Australia, and a visiting scholar at the University of Southern California and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He serves as the executive director of the Computational Communication Research Committee of the Chinese Journalism History Society and the executive director of the Chinese Communication Society. He specializes in international communication, international public opinion, computational communication, and discourse research. He has published more than 70 academic papers in Chinese and English professional journals.
Master student at Shanghai International Studies University’s School of Journalism and Communication. His research interests revolve around computational communication, political communication, and social media.
References
Academy of Contemporary China and World Studies (2020, September 25). 2019 China national image global survey. http://www.accws.cn/research/2019-china-national-image-global-survey/
Altinay, Hakan (2011). Global civics: Responsibilities and rights in an interdependent world. Brookings Institution Press.
Baum, Matthew A. and Potter, Philip B. K. (2008). The relationships between mass media, public opinion, and foreign policy: Toward a theoretical synthesis. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132
Buchanan, Carrie (2015). Revisiting the UNESCO debate on a new world information and communication order: Has the NWICO been achieved by other means? Telematics and Informatics, 32(2), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.05.007
Castells, Manuel (2013). Communication power. OUP Oxford.
Chang, Tsan-K. (2009). Changing global media landscape, unchanging theories? International communication research and paradigm testing. In International media communication in a global age. Routledge.
Chen, Xinxiang, Gao, Jiaqing and Tan, Wenda (2005). ICT in China: A strong force to boost economic and social development. In J. Berleur and C. Avgerou (Eds.), Perspectives and policies on ICT in society: An IFIP TC9 (Computers and Society) Handbook (pp. 27–36). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25588-5_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25588-5_3
China Internet Network Information Center (2022). The 50th statistical report on China’s Internet development. https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/
Connaughton Aidan (2022, June 23). Prevailing view among Americans is that U.S. influence in the world is weakening – and China’s is growing. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/06/23/prevailing-view-among-americans-is-that-u-s-influence-in-the-world-is-weakening-and-chinas-is-growing/
deLisle, Jacques, Goldstein, Avery and Yang, Guobin (2016). The Internet, social media, and a changing China. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812292664
Dreyer, June T. (2015). The ‘Tianxia Trope’: Will China change the international system? Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96), 1015–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1030951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1030951
Emdon, Heloise, Elder, Laurent, Petrazzini, Ben and Fuchs, Richard (2014). Connecting ICTs to development: The IDRC experience. Anthem Press.
Finlay, Alan (2013). Tracking the effects of a ‘soft power’ strategy on journalism in China. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies (Routledge), 34(3), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2013.852791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2013.852791
Gill, Bates, and Huang, Yanzhong (2006). Sources and limits of Chinese ‘soft power’. Survival, 48(2), 17-+. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330600765377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330600765377
Guo, Shaohua (2020). The evolution of the Chinese Internet: Creative visibility in the digital public. Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503614444
Gupta, Tania D., James, Carl E., Andersen, Chris, Galabuzi, Grace-E. and Maaka, Roger C. A. (2018). Race and Racialization, 2E: Essential Readings. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Halper, Stefan (2010). The Beijing Consensus: How China’s authoritarian model will dominate the twenty-first century. St. Antony’s International Review.
Hemmingway, Emma (2008). Inside the newsroom: Who’s who and what’s what? In Broadcast journalism. Routledge.
Highhouse, Cole H. (2022). China Content on TikTok: The influence of social media videos on national image [Bowling Green State University]. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10andp10_accession_num=bgsu165574760897775
Hu, Zhengrong, Ji, Deqiang and Gong, Yukun (2017). From the outside in: CCTV going global in a new world communication order. In China’s media go global. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619668-5
Hu, Zhengrong and Li, Jidong (2014, November 17). How to build China’s voice on the world stage (Ruhe Goujian Zhongguo Huayuquan). Guangming Daily, 11.
Huang, Zhao A. (2019). Building a network to ‘Tell China Stories Well’: Chinese diplomatic communication strategies on Twitter. International Journal of Communication, 13, 2984-3007. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11221
Jacques, Martin (2009). When China rules the world: The end of the western world and the birth of a new global order: Second Edition. Penguin.
Jenkins, Henry (2006). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. An occasional paper on digital media and learning. In John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED536086
Kaplan, Andreas M. and Haenlein, Michael (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Lampton, David M. (2006). China’s rise in Asia need not be at America’s expense. In Power shift (pp. 306–326). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520939028-018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520939028-018
Lippmann, Walter (1997). Public opinion. Simon and Schuster.
Lipschultz, Jeremy H. (2020). Social media communication: Concepts, practices, data, law and ethics (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429202834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429202834
Liu, Yang, Shan, Chengbiao and Liu, Hui (2014). Report on the international communication of Chinese Internet media. In Blue book of international communication: Annual report on the development of China’s international communication (pp. 255–275). Social Sciences Academic Press.
Miao, Weishan, Jiang, Min and Pang, Yunxia (2021). Historicizing Internet regulation in China: A meta-analysis of Chinese Internet policies (1994–2017). International Journal of Communication, 15(24), 2003-2026, https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15944
Montag, Christian, Becker, Benjamin and Gan, Chunmei (2018). The multipurpose application WeChat: A review on recent research. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247
Moyo, Sam (2016). Perspectives on South-South relations: China’s presence in Africa. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 17(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2016.1138615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2016.1138615
Nye, Joseph S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
Ohlberg, Mareike (2019, December 5). Propaganda beyond the Great Firewall. https://merics.org/en/short-analysis/propaganda-beyond-great-firewall
Rangasamy, Logan and Swanepoel, Jan A. (2011). China’s impact on South African trade and inflation. Development Southern Africa, 28(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.545175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.545175
Sava, Justina A. (2022, March 3). Global market share of the information and communication technology (ICT) market from 2013 to 2022, by selected country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263801/global-market-share-held-by-selected-countries-in-the-ict-market/
Schiller, Herbert I. (1969). Mass communications and American empire. A. M. Kelley.
Servaes, Jan (2012). Soft power and public diplomacy: The new frontier for public relations and international communication between the US and China. Public Relations Review, 38(5), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.07.002
Sharma, Pankaj (2013). Evolution of mobile wireless communication networks-1G to 5G as well as future prospective of next generation communication network. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 2(8), 47–53. https://www.ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/August2013/abstracts/V2I8201317.pdf
Shehzad, Khurram, Liu, Xiaoxing, Rauf, Abdul, Arif, Muhammad, Mazhar, Saman, Sohail, Nadeem and Amin, Waqas (2019). Revolutionising tourism development in China: An effective role of ICT and Western Silk Road project. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(9), 965–977. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1653334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1653334
Shi, Anbin (2017). China’s role in remapping global communication. In China’s media go global. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619668-3
Song, Yajun and Chen, Yan-Y. (2019). Information and communication technology among early and late middle-aged adults in urban China: Daily use and anticipated support in old age. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 38(3), E85–E92. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12668
Stewart, James, Shen, Xiaobai, Wang, Chengwei and Graham, Ian (2011). From 3G to 4G: Standards and the development of mobile broadband in China. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 23(7), 773–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2011.592284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2011.592284
Su, Wendy (2010). New strategies of China’s film industry as soft power. Global Media and Communication, 6(3), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766510384971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766510384971
Sun, Yutao and Grimes, Seamus (2016). China’s increasing participation in ICT’s global value chain: A firm level analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 40(2–3), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.06.003
Sutter, R. G. (2005). China’s rise in Asia: Promises and perils. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Tai, Zixue. (2006). The Internet in China: Cyberspace and civil society. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203944073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203944073
Tan, Tian and Yu, Fanqi (2009). From going-out to going-in: On the strategic innovation of external communication for China’s television. China Television, 8, 43–46. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=pwDqugdn65E1g7HssjkMbN0t_rhbW26hwfSV2OZZZQxzPVoAeN7kPLcedfDw0zBfKJLGXTHCGYB6AF-XtcYbr0j9gKzEfkdtDfY1iMReEx-2KpIBS9iUGQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT
Thomala, Lai L (2022, December 7). Number of monthly active WeChat users from 2nd quarter 2011 to 3rd quarter 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/
Thussu, Daya K. (2013). De-Americanising media studies and the rise of ‘Chindia’. Javnost - The Public, 20(4), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009126
Thussu, Daya K. (2015). Reinventing “Many Voices”: MacBride and a Digital New World Information and Communication Order. Javnost - The Public, 22(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1080454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1080454
Thussu, Daya K., Burgh, Hugo de and Shi, Anbin (Eds.) (2018). China’s media go global. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619668
van Dijk, Jan A. G. M. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34(4), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004
Vu, Khuong M. (2011). ICT as a source of economic growth in the information age: Empirical evidence from the 1996–2005 period. Telecommunications Policy, 35(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.008
Wang, Di, Zhou, Tao, Lan, Feng and Wang, Mengmeng (2021). ICT and socio-economic development: Evidence from a spatial panel data analysis in China. Telecommunications Policy, 45(7), 102173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102173
Wang, Jing (2018). From aperture satellite to ‘Internet finance’: Institutionalization of ICTs in China’s financial sector since 1991. Telecommunications Policy, 42(7), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.04.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.04.004
Wasserman, Herman, and Madrid-Morales, Dani (2018). How influential are Chinese media in Africa? An audience analysis in Kenya and South Africa. International Journal of Communication, 12, 2212–2231. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7809
Wen, Yun (2020). The Huawei model: The rise of China’s technology giant. University of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv19wx7rm DOI: https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043437.001.0001
Winseck, Dwayne (2002). Netscapes of power: Convergence, consolidation and power in the Canadian mediascape. Media, Culture and Society, 24(6), 795–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344370202400604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016344370202400604
World Bank (2020). ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports) – China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.ICTG.ZS.UN?locations=CN
Xia, Jun (2017). China’s telecommunications evolution, institutions, and policy issues on the eve of 5G: A two-decade retrospect and prospect. Telecommunications Policy, 41(10), 931–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.11.003
Xiang, Debao (2013). China’s image on international English language social media. The Journal of International Communication, 19(2), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2013.833535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2013.833535
Xinhua (2022, July 19). China has over 1.85m 5G base stations in use. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/19/WS62d676eda310fd2b29e6d397.html
Xing, Wan, Ye, Xuan and Kui, Lv (2011). Measuring convergence of China’s ICT industry: An input-output analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 35(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.003
Yin, Liangen and Liu, Xiaoyan (2014). A gesture of compliance: Media convergence in China. Media, Culture and Society, 36(5), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714532975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714532975
Zakaria, Fareed (2008). The post-American world. W.W. Norton and Company. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.00993.x
Zeng, Jing, Abidin, Crystal and Schäfer, Mike S. (2021). Research perspectives on TikTok and its legacy apps introduction. International Journal of Communication, 15, 3161–3172. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-205427
Zhao, Yuezhi (2007). After mobile phones, what? Re-embedding the social in China’s “Digital Revolution”. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 92-120. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5
Zhou, Qian’an and Wu, Yanni. (2017). The three patterns of Chinese international communication. In China’s media go global. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619668-16
Zhou, Yongming (2006). Historicizing online politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and political participation in China. Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804767583
Zhu, Ying and Keane, Michael (2020). China’s cultural power reconnects with the world. In BRICS media. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429468759-16
Format
License
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Teknokultura is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.








