Sociedad e Infancias (ISSN-e 2531-0720) is an interdisciplinary Ibero American journal whose main objective is to promote scientific research and knowledge about the lives of children and teenagers, predominantly in the Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American social contexts. The journal is oriented towards the latest infancy studies.
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La Educación para la Salud en Educación Infantil: Elementos clave para su inclusión en las aulas
This article examines Health Education (EpS) in Early Childhood Education, highlighting the active role of young children as agents influencing their own well-being and their environment. Based on a review of international studies, opportunities emerge for children to assume responsibilities in developing healthy habits through playful and participatory strategies. The importance of student-centered methodologies is emphasized, as they enhance autonomy and commitment, coupled with dedicated teacher training and integrated public health policies. In this way, the foundations are laid for more resilient school communities with an improved quality of life.
Sexual Diversity and Violence in Adolescents in Mexico: An Approach from the Mixed Methodology
This article examines some data from the National Survey on Sexual and Gender Diversity (INEGI, 2022) in the adolescent population in Mexico. The different types of violence that this group experienced in their childhood and adolescence are identified; the discourses of a group of adolescents who identify themselves as non-heterosexual and who live in the state of Chiapas about family and social rejection, its effects, coping mechanisms, and their aspirations are also analyzed. Some findings indicate that the most common forms of violence are related to the non-acceptance of sexual and gender orientation and/or identity by family, school and work colleagues, as well as society in general, and commonly materialized through physical, verbal, emotional, and psychological violence. The effects include suffering, frustration, fear, and loneliness. The most common coping mechanisms are isolation, confrontation, cross-violence, reporting to authorities, and defending their rights and those of others. It is concluded that society must respect the rights of LGBTIQ+ people, and that all forms of violence must be prevented and eradicated; no one deserves to be stigmatized, marginalized, or discriminated against for their sexual and gender orientation or identity.
From childhood as a social phenomenon to childhood as an analytical perspective. Synthesis of a trajectory
This article proposes a reading of the trajectory of the sociology of childhood as a sociological subdiscipline, from its inception in the 1980s to the present, focusing on the ongoing European debate on the production of this theoretical framework and the relevance of its constructs. It first reviews the classic postulates of the sociology of childhood, followed by critical assessments of problematic aspects that researchers in this field of study have identified within the scope of its sociological contribution. It also reviews the propositions these authors formulate in light of the most current theoretical trends. It concludes that this debate, still incipient, reflects an attempt to advance the theorization of childhood from its institution as a social phenomenon to a constitution of childhood as an analytical perspective for the social sciences. To this end, the debate is oriented toward promoting the use of new or updated conceptual tools that foster the development of the subdiscipline and its connection with general sociology.
Foster Families and Early Childhood: Contributions to the Development of Infants in Situations of Extreme Vulnerability
This study aims to explore and describe the impact of the care provided by foster families to babies in situations of extreme vulnerability, abandonment, and risk of death in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area of Argentina from the perspective of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE), with an emphasis on attachment theory and psychoanalysis. A qualitative approach was adopted based on in-depth interviews with 15 foster families affiliated with a foundation that brings them together and six healthcare professionals involved in neonatal care. Essential characteristics of foster families were identified in the comprehensive development of 35 babies under their care between 2023 and 2024. The techniques used included in-depth interviews, observation, and field journals. Analysis was conducted through the triangulation of units of analysis, which enabled a richer understanding of the phenomenon from different perspectives. Among the main conclusions, the study highlights the role of foster families facilitating the integral development of neonates in highly vulnerable. The comprehensive care and emotional attunement provided fosters early attachment, a fundamental condition for survival and neurodevelopment. Furthermore, the results show that early affective bonding, the support of an articulated social and community network and access to psychosocial resources are key factors for both the well-being of babies and the sustainability of the role played by foster families.
How to Research Gender-Based Violence in Girls and without Disabilities? Methodologies from a Narrative Review
This paper presents a narrative review of the literature focused on the methodologies employed to investigate gender-based violence against girls, both with and without disabilities. Based on a context-situated search, fourteen studies published between 2000 and 2024 were identified. The decision to conduct a narrative review stems from both the scarcity of research in this area and the need for a deep, flexible, and critical analysis of the available methodological approaches. The findings reveal a wide variety of techniques used, including individual interviews, focus groups, children’s appreciation tests, structured surveys, school questionnaires, participant observation, case file analysis, and pedagogical initiatives such as reading clubs. Qualitative methodologies—particularly those that prioritize active listening and situated interpretation—are found to be most effective in capturing the complexity of girls’ experiences of violence. Furthermore, the review identifies significant limitations, including ethical challenges, limited procedural systematization, and a lack of intersectional perspectives. Schools emerge as key spaces for both the reproduction and the transformation of violent practices. From a rights-based, intersectional, and childhood studies perspective, the importance of recognizing girls as active agents in research processes is emphasized—capable of contributing meaningful knowledge about their own experiences. This study offers methodological guidance that may help strengthen future research and inform public policies committed to the well-being and rights of children.
Childhood and Public Policy in Uruguay: Analysis of Social Representations in the CAIF Plan (1988–2017)
This article analyzes the social representations of childhood that shape state action in Uruguay, taking the CAIF Plan—the country’s main interinstitutional early childhood care and education policy (1988–2017)—as a case study. The qualitative research combines the analysis of 34 institutional documents and 12 in-depth interviews to identify the core meanings that guide conceptions of childhood, care, and community. Drawing on the structural approach to social representations, it examines both institutional documents and the discourses of technical-political actors involved in the program’s design and management. The qualitative research design combines documentary analysis and in-depth interviews to identify the core meanings that guide conceptions of childhood, care, and community. The findings reveal persistent tensions between community-based participatory models and technical-administrative logics, as well as the coexistence of notions linked to protection, development, and child citizenship. The study provides a transferable methodological strategy for exploring the symbolic dimension of public policies and contributes to understanding how institutional representations of childhood influence forms of state intervention and the configuration of the early childhood field.
Infant Mental Health: Approaches Based on General Comment No. 7 of the CRC and a Human Rights-Based Health Framework
This article explores infant mental health from a human rights perspective, highlighting General Comment No. 7 of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child as a key legal framework. It recognizes newborns as full rights-holders from birth and emphasizes the urgent need to integrate perinatal mental health into public policies and healthcare systems. Emotional well-being in early life is deeply linked to a secure affective environment, early caregiver bonding, and sensitive responses to emotional needs. Despite scientific and legal advances, mental health care for babies remains insufficient and underprioritized, particularly in countries like Spain. The article critiques practices that infringe upon newborn rights—such as early mother-infant separation and obstetric violence—and calls for structural reforms centered on the mother-infant dyad. It advocates for specialized professional training, extended parental leave, strengthened perinatal services, and coordinated intersectoral policies. The piece also discusses recent opportunities, including Spain’s 2025–2027 Mental Health Action Plan and the expansion of perinatal mental health units. Ultimately, the authors argue that ensuring mental health from birth is not merely a health concern but a legal and ethical imperative. The effective application of General Comment No. 7 can reshape healthcare systems to promote emotional development from the very beginning of life.
Comprensión y visibilización de las cardiopatías congénitas en educación infantil
Las Cardiopatías Congénitas son la malformación congénita más frecuente en España, lo que supone, debido a la supervivencia actual de esta patología, un número importante de alumnos de educación infantil afectos de esta enfermedad. Estos niños pueden presentar dificultades en su proceso de aprendizaje debido a varios aspectos relacionados con su patología y, esa realidad, unida al malestar emocional que puede aparecer, supone un reto educativo que precisa respuestas para las necesidades de este alumnado que favorezcan su integración en las aulas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si la elaboración de un libro ilustrado que acerque el concepto de cardiopatía congénita de forma comprensible al alumnado de infantil podría ayudar a la normalización de la patología, así como facilitar la mejor comprensión de las dificultades a las que estos niños se enfrentan. Tras la realización de este recurso, y la aplicación de una actividad real en aulas, así como el análisis de encuestas dirigidas al entorno de estos niños afectos de CC (familias, médicos, asociaciones y docentes) se puede concluir que un libro ilustrado es un vehículo para trasladar conceptos complejos a la edad infantil y que podría beneficiar al alumnado cardiópata y a los agentes relacionados en diversas áreas.
Health Education in Early Childhood Education: Key Elements for Its Inclusion in Classroom
This article examines whether the first superilles built in the city of Barcelona promote the rights of girls, boys, non-binary children, and adolescents to inhabit, transform, and enjoy urban space from an ecofeminist perspective. It starts from the concept of "right to the city" (Lefebvre, 1968; Tonucci, 1997, and Harvey, 2012) and ecofeminist urbanism (Colectiu Punt6, 2020; Proactivas, 2022, and Muxi, 2019 and 2023), which questions the traditional urban model for being androcentric, adult-centric, and insufficiently inclusive -or even exclusionary- highlighting structural inequalities and proposing an urban model centered on care, sustainability, and social justice. After a theoretical introduction, five key dimensions are established to guide the analysis of the superilles in the neighborhoods of Poblenou, Horta, and Sant Antoni: walkability, playability, naturalness, diversity, and health. The analysis reveals significant advances in terms of accessibility, play spaces, natural areas, and public health. However, limitations are also identified, such as low citizen participation in design processes, limited engagement by adolescents and youth, and a partial implementation of ecological principles. All this leads to the conclusion that, while superilles represent a potentially transformative tool, their effectiveness depends on a more inclusive, participatory implementation adapted to the real needs of the citizenry as a whole.
Venezuelan migrant children and well-being: an approach based on their accounts of ways of life
It is important to remember that studies in the field of international migration, as part of the new contemporary dynamics, have focused on an adult-centric perspective that renders invisible the experiences, discourses, and realities that children experience throughout the displacement cycle. This article provides reflections based on the results of research based on a qualitative approach aimed at analyzing the lifestyles of Venezuelan children in the city of Lima, Peru, who arrived in the country during the period 2018 to 2019. This temporality constituted the space-time encompassed by the study. The analysis revealed the meanings and tensions that this group attributes to the migratory experience upon their arrival in the destination country. In particular, through their stories, children give an account of the category of material life, through which they intensify the ways of life that produce and reproduce the daily experiences of well-being around aspects such as health, food, education and housing since their arrival and how, from these relationships, they have been configuring and reworking stories of well-being or discomfort in comparison with their life in the country of origin and the country of destination, which are developed from their own social constructions of childhood.
Adolescent participation in health in Mexico (2014-2024): between risk and the guarantee of rights.
Adolescents' right to participation is fundamental for recognizing their citizenship, enabling them to influence matters affecting their lives, particularly health-related issues. This study examines health participation initiatives for adolescents implemented by the Mexican government between 2014 and 2024, evaluating their alignment with established legal frameworks. While Mexico has made progress through instruments like the General Law on Children's and Adolescents' Rights (2014) and its ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), significant structural barriers remain. This research analyzes how the Mexican State conceptualizes adolescents and facilitates their participation in health-related initiatives, assessing both achievements and limitations during the 2014-2024 period. Using an interpretive qualitative methodology, the study employed content analysis and critical discourse analysis tools. The findings reveal that despite legal advancements, persistent stigmatization of adolescence continues to impede the full realization of participatory rights in health matters. The study underscores the critical need for future research that genuinely prioritizes adolescent participation, acknowledging youth as active social contributors in all issues concerning them.
Sostenibilidad Social en Aulas Hospitalarias: Apoyando a las infancias a través de la literacidad y la inclusión educativa
Under a social sustainability approach, and through the description of a practical experience, the need for a personalized and flexible educational approach is evident, one that adapts to the individual circumstances of each young child in hospital settings. The article analyzes the importance of hospital education as an environment to guarantee the rights and health of children, especially those with special educational needs. It highlights how hospital classrooms promote social inclusion, equal opportunities, and the holistic well-being of children during their hospitalization, enabling them to maintain educational continuity and avoid falling behind
Participation of Children and Adolescents in the Exploration of Social Determinants of Health: A Methodological Proposal
Participatory Diagnostics are a citizen consultation process implemented by Family Health Centers (CESFAM) within the framework of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Chile, where the community expresses its perspective regarding the social determinants of health in the neighborhood. These experiences are frequently conducted with adults, excluding the perspectives of children and adolescents. This study analyzes the experience of CESFAM San José de Rodelillo, in Valparaíso, which incorporated the participation of children and adolescents in the participatory diagnostic, becoming a pioneering experience in the city. The study was conducted from a qualitative and critical approach, using the experience systematization method and semi-structured interviews with nine health and education professionals involved in the community consultation. Results show that the inclusion of children and adolescents expanded the community’s understanding of health, challenged adult-centric stereotypes, and generated institutional learning regarding inclusive participatory methodologies. It is concluded that recognizing children and adolescents as social actors in PHC community participation processes strengthens a rights-based approach to health and contributes to the construction of more equitable and healthy territories.
Los cuidados paliativos pediátricos como derecho humano: un enfoque desde la bioética
Los cuidados paliativos pediátricos (CPP) constituyen una respuesta esencial y ética ante el sufrimiento evitable de millones de niños en el mundo que se enfrentan a enfermedades limitantes o amenazantes para la vida. Este artículo defiende que los CPP no son un lujo ni una opción, sino un derecho humano fundamental, tal y como lo establece la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (CDN) y lo respalda la bioética mediante sus principios fundamentales. A pesar de este reconocimiento normativo, persisten múltiples barreras que limitan el acceso efectivo a estos cuidados: desde la escasez de políticas públicas y formación profesional, hasta obstáculos culturales, económicos y legislativos. Estas desigualdades son especialmente graves en países de ingresos bajos y medios, donde la mayoría de los niños con necesidades paliativas no reciben la atención adecuada. El trabajo propone una revisión crítica de estas barreras y presenta estrategias para su implantación, incluyendo la integración de los CPP en los sistemas nacionales de salud, el fortalecimiento de marcos legales, la capacitación interprofesional y la sensibilización comunitaria. Promover los CPP como derecho humano de los niños implica avanzar hacia una atención pediátrica más compasiva, equitativa y centrada en el mejor interés del niño y su calidad de vida.
Voices from the Rural Areas: rural childhoods through their own cartographies
This article offers a critical perspective on rural education and the identification of children's subjects, based on the research "The spatial practices of students at IEDRI Mundo Nuevo (La Calera) to strengthen their child agency and academic skills," developed in 2024. Through the methodological strategy of children's social mapping, the experiences and narratives of early childhood and primary school students are explored in collaborative workshops, revealing how they interact with their environment, construct their identity, and face the challenges of rural education. Our findings demonstrate that children's social mapping not only enriches learning by linking it to the local context, but also fosters a strong community identity in children, rooted in their affection for their place of origin (topophilia). Likewise, the intergenerational dynamics inherent to multigrade classrooms enhance collaborative and interdisciplinary learning. We conclude that the "new rurality" demands a redefinition of education in these areas, promoting pedagogical innovation through participatory methodologies. This invites us to reflect on the transformative role of childhood in rural settings.
“Child participation” in the development of the Pediatric Residency program of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
In the context of the update of the Pediatric Residency Program of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, the relevance of including the voices and participation of children and adolescents—as subjects of rights and protagonists of their own health/illness/care processes—has been recognized. This is aimed at understanding their representations of health, the role of pediatrics, and their expectations of the healthcare system. “Child participation” involves a series of theoretical and methodological reflections to understand and value the knowledge of children about their health processes, and to incorporate their needs and concerns transversally into the specialty program. Based on a flexible research design, interviews, workshops, and the analysis of drawings have been combined to identify the interests and demands of children and adolescents regarding the role of the pediatrician and the health system.
Estimulação Precoce em Deficiência Visual: Um Relato Pedagógico
This writing describes a qualitative experience report on the home care of early stimulation for a baby with suspected congenital visual impairment in the first three months of life, in a Brazilian context, at the beginning of 2025. The focus is to briefly discuss child development (typical and atypical) and intervention processes, from a pedagogical perspective.
Triple Burden: Famine, Diabetes, and Oral Health as Human Rights Violations in Gaza
Background: In conflict zones like Gaza, children and vulnerable groups such as the elderly and the sick face a triple burden of malnutrition, diabetes (malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus), and poor oral health. These interconnected conditions impair well-being, while limited healthcare access, ongoing violence, and disrupted services exacerbate prevention and treatment challenges. Objective: This article investigates the combined impact of malnutrition, diabetes, and oral health deterioration among children and other vulnerable groups in the Gaza Strip, highlighting the violation of their fundamental right to health. Methods: This article relies on a comprehensive literature review, supported by reports from international organizations, field observations, and clinical insights from dental practice in Gaza. These combined sources were critically analyzed to examine the prevalence and interconnections of malnutrition, diabetes, and oral health deterioration among vulnerable children. Results: Findings reveal alarming increases in malnutrition and diabetes among children, alongside worsening oral health. The collapse of healthcare infrastructure and absence of preventive programs intensify these problems, disproportionately affecting children and vulnerable populations. Conclusion: These compounded health burdens constitute a clear violation of the universal human right to health. Urgent, integrated interventions focusing on prevention, treatment, and education are essential to protect children’s health. Overlooking oral health not only undermines the universality of this right but also weakens humanitarian responses. Ensuring its integration is therefore both an ethical obligation and a scientific necessity. Upholding children’s right to health in crisis settings is not only a humanitarian imperative but also crucial for building a healthier future for generations to come.
Digitised childhoods. Global changes in children’s play and work relations
The global digitalisation of societies has major consequences for the lives of young people. As consumers and users of digital technologies, they are becoming involved in economic processes at an increasingly early age and seemingly becoming ‘adult’ earlier than the Western childhood model suggests. On online platforms, in the world of video games and in influencer marketing, play, leisure, work and business are mixing in new ways, raising the question of whether new forms of economic exploitation are emerging that have not been considered in the discourse on child labour to date. This article provides an insight into the diverse and hitherto little-studied digital fields of activity of young people and explores the contradictions between economic exploitation and social emancipation contained therein.
Childhood and care in Argentine audiovisual advertising. An approach from the Discourse Analysis
This exploratory-analytical article investigates the representations of care in childhood in audiovisual advertisements that circulated on Argentine television channels. To address it, elements of Discourse Analysis are combined with the perspective provided by the Sociology of Childhood and Care Studies. This work also takes up two previous elaborations by Viviana Minzi (2006) and Juan Gómez Espino and Juan Blanco López (2005) that serve as a trigger to develop its own classifications that arise from the analysis of a corpus made up of 53 advertisements. The five typifications to classify the children represented there are receptive childhood, resistant childhood, dialoguing childhood, imitative childhood and imaginable childhood. This elaboration recognizes, as a conclusion, an adult protagonism even though the spot in question talks about children. In addition, the products are positioned as mediators in the relationship between children and adults. In this article, we see advertising discourse assuming an expert ethos regarding the needs of children.
Childhood: A new target of neoliberal feminism? An analysis of Good night stories for rebel girls
The central objective of this work is to address the construction of neoliberal subjectivities in childhood through an analysis of Goodnight Stories for Rebel Girls line, known for its great sales success in different parts of the world, the aim is to discern what discourses related to feminism are disseminated through these works, and how these intersect with neoliberal discourses. Thus, three main tasks will be carried out. First, identify the models of “femininity” and “feminism” that are exposed in the works (and how they interrelate with each other). Secondly, identify those concepts from neoliberal language present in the works. Thirdly and finally, address the prescriptive nature of the premises that are launched in them and how these respond to the self-techniques of neoliberal logic.
When students take the floor: what we learned from researching the transition from Primary to Secondary Education
To understand how pre-adolescents experience the transition from primary to secondary school, it is necessary to place ourselves in the perspective of the students as the main social actor. In the research presented in this article, we have stopped to listen to the students before and during their transition to secondary school in order to understand better those aspects which, from their own experiences, facilitate or hinder their passage through this important educational stage. Intending to avoid the bias of the adult researcher, we deployed a qualitative and reflexive methodology that tested fieldwork strategies and the design of techniques and instruments appropriate to the open participation of the students. The research involved 72 students followed at two specific moments of transition: the preparatory phase and completion of primary school (Year 2020-21) and the phase of incorporation and accommodation to secondary school (Year 2021-22). The information analysed focused on the most recurrent aspects of the students' original accounts, which revealed important aspects: transition is not always experienced as a negative experience; it is part of the educational process, thereby transforming the (adult) imaginary of fear of change into a hopeful experience of openness and early maturity.
Who cares? Children and young people's voices on gender equality in five European countries
Despite the long list of international policy recommendations aimed at eradicating all forms of discrimination based on sex and gender, each European country continues to face different challenges. Involving younger generations in the analysis of real problems, through school and community initiatives, and respecting an integrated approach have been fruitful strategies to introduce gender issues into formal education. This was the aim of the Erasmus+ project "Equality in Action" (2019-2022), which involved five European countries. This article presents the perceptions of 114 students aged 14-18 from Portugal, Greece, Romania, Turkey and Slovenia on the five most important gender equality issues that remain unresolved in their countries, as well as their proposals for tackling them. As a result of the project's activities in each school and the exchanges between classes from different countries, the teenagers revealed that they had become aware of various areas of personal and collective life in which there are inequalities between women and men, resulting from a certain social order that can be corrected. The main conclusions of the study show how generations of young people can be involved in building a better society by being critical and attentive to themselves and to others. Finally, suggestions are made for future projects in the area of gender equality, in which the students' opinions are taken into account.
Baraldi, Claudio (Ed.) (2023). Exploring the Narratives and Agency of Children with Migrant Backgrounds within Schools: Researching Hybrid Integration.
The book Exploring the Narratives and Agency of Children with Migrant Backgrounds within Schools: Researching Hybrid Integration, edited by Claudio Baraldi, explores the integration of migrant children in European schools through an interdisciplinary approach. Based on the CHILD-UP project, it highlights children's agency, gender, and linguistic mediation as key factors in shaping hybrid identities. The book challenges traditional inclusion/exclusion paradigms, proposing integration as a dynamic process of negotiation. While it emphasizes communication as a means of integration, further attention to structural barriers could strengthen its analysis.
The role of attitude in the recognition of mobile advertising: Cognitive and affective dimensions within the framework of advertising literacy among children aged 10 to 14 years
The conceptual understanding of the persuasive intent of advertising alone is insufficient for children to effectively process mobile advertising, which is characterized by content hybridization. This study examines how the cognitive and affective dimensions of attitude intervene in the process of recognizing advertising to which children aged 10 to 14 are exposed in situational contexts via their mobile phones, both on social media and mobile apps. It concludes that this audience's ability to identify advertising presented on their mobile devices is moderate and varies significantly depending on the content format. Cognitive and affective aspects of attitude towards each advertisement moderately influence children's ability to identify them. However, in terms of overall performance, cognitive aspects related to their evaluation of advertising as a phenomenon have a greater impact. Within this cognitive dimension, the factor that seems to have the most significant impact is children's perceived self-efficacy regarding their ability to identify advertising.
Children facing consumption, consumerism, and advertising: consumers or "consumables"
Los niños y niñas están en el centro de estrategias publicitarias que buscan fidelizarlos desde edades tempranas, explotando su vulnerabilidad emocional y cognitiva. TikTok es un ejemplo clave, donde influencers promueven productos de manera encubierta, desdibujando la línea entre ocio y publicidad. Esto afecta su identidad y autoestima, fomentando el consumismo compulsivo y la presión social. Además, la sobreexposición a estos mensajes puede generar inseguridades y dificultar la toma de decisiones informadas. Para contrarrestar estos efectos, es esencial promover el pensamiento crítico, regular la publicidad infantil y garantizar un consumo más responsable.
Risks associated with the use of mainstream pornography in adolescence
Recent studies indicate that the consumption of pornography has become a normalised habit for a growing number of adolescents in Spain. This has been made possible thanks to the Internet and a business model based on explicit and invasive advertising on virtual networks, which has favoured the dissemination of a huge amount of easily accessible and usually free pornographic content. Mainstream pornography, the most abundant on the net, in addition to showing a biased view of sexuality, harbours misogynist and sexist narratives. The aim of this article is to offer a review of the most significant risks that have fuelled the debate on the consumption of pornography among adolescents. In doing so, we provide recent empirical and theoretical references to help those who want to investigate this phenomenon in depth, to raise the state of the art in this regard and to design possible preventive or regulatory interventions. In particular, we focus on the risks related to the unrealistic conception of sexual relations, the development of attitudes of sexual violence, risky practices, the objectification of bodies and the manifestations of potentially addictive behaviours. Such risks may be heightened among adolescents, who are going through important stages of their own psycho-physical, intellectual and character development, but their harmful effects have yet to be objectively quantified and verified in their life trajectories and sex-affective practices once they become adults.
Ethical reflections on the use of images and names of child youtubers in scientific research
This article proposes a reflection on the ethical challenges involved in identifying child YouTubers within the context of scientific research, highlighting the dilemmas and adjustments that arose during the analysis of the videos. We begin with the understanding that research ethics is constructed contextually, through concrete and often unexpected interactions, and we discuss the balance between the protection and participation of children. The central ethical question — whether child YouTubers, already publicly identified on YouTube, should have their images and names disclosed in research texts — was addressed by deciding to preserve their identities. This choice reflects an ethical approach that goes beyond mere formal compliance with regulations, built upon epistemological vigilance and a dialogue between our theoretical and methodological foundations. We considered that the analyzed videos were created for purposes different from those of the research and that we did not have the legal guardians' consent or the children's assent. Beyond the dynamics of YouTube, which often complicate parental mediation, the full understanding of online data processing, and the possibility of oversharing. This underscores the ethical challenges permeating this field of investigation.
Food advertising and promotion of healthy habits in childhood and youth
Overweight and obesity, resulting from the absence of healthy diet and lack of physical activity, are a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and, also, affect socialization, psychological well-being and people's quality of life. For authorities, counteracting this public health problem has become a primary objective at global, regional and national levels, especially in childhood and youth. One of the aspects that generates the most consensus in the proposal of measures aimed at reducing the consumption of unhealthy foods by these authorities is action in the field of marketing and advertising, considered as a conditioning element for the promotion and maintenance of bad eating habits among child and youth population. This article presents the main results of a research focused on the analysis of a sample of commercial communications of food consumed by children and adolescents and their families disseminated both by different media and through influencers, which corroborates the predominance of advertising and promotional messages referring to unhealthy foods, as well as the paradoxical use of health arguments by companies and the role played by prescribers in attracting consumers and buyers to these offers.