Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
type: channel
description: Investigaciones Feministas (ISSN-e 2171-6080) is a publication that aims to disseminate feminist research and create a new scientific space to promote research on topics related to Women's, Feminist and Gender Studies.
publisher: Instituto de Investigaciones Feministas
language: en
publication name: Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
issn: 2171-6080
copyright: In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Investigaciones Feministas is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
items: Gender, names, and numbers: Recovering a national community of women scientists, 1975-2000
items: Intersectional Theory and Feminism in Agnès Varda's Documentaries Released in the 21st Century
items: The korfbal and the process of feminization of sports in Spain
items: Rewritting the history of spanish pharmacy in feminism
items: Feminist awareness among future educators and the impact of multimodal discourses from media culture and social networks
items: Neurocommunication for gender paradigm change at a social scale
items: Transforming rural areas through ICTs: A gender perspective on the new rurality
items: Obstetric violence, perception and experience of control in birth: decisional making in reproductive health
items: Intelligent conversational agents (chatbots) and gender stereotypes in addressing Gender-Based Violence: A taxonomy of potential threats from a threat modelling approach
items: Possibilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the prevention of gender-based violence
items: Perceptions and uses of artificial intelligence among university teaching staff: an analysis from a gender perspective
items: Hybridization as Subversion in Science Fiction: An Ecofeminist Reading to Reverse the Culture of Hate in The Animal Kingdom (2023)
items: Analysis Model of Digital Misogyny Handling in User-Perceived Interactions with LLMs: A CRISP-DM-Based Approach
items: Innovating through Care: The Case of LABNL, Lab Cultural Ciudadano in Monterrey, Mexico
items: Butler, Judith. ¿Quién teme al género? Ediciones Paidós, Barcelona, 2024. ISBN: 978-84-493-4238-7. 416 páginas.
items: The Professional Career of Women in Advertising Agencies: Limitations, Challenges, and Best Practices
items: Artificial Intelligence and Gender Stereotypes: Challenges and Opportunities
items: https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/INFE/en/article/view/106411
items: https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/INFE/en/article/view/106409
items: Women and journalism in India. Analysis of the leadership roles of the vulnerable female audience in the documentary Writing with Fire
items: Women in the news: analysis of the news programs of TVE, Antena 3, Telecinco, La Sexta, and Cuatro
items: The transgression of gender stereotype in the judgments on the credibility and morality of victims of sexual assault
items: The most vulnerable of the vulnerable: women prisoners in Spanish prisons
items: Mass-media, television programs, platforms that propagate inequality between men and women
items: Public and private in feminist theory: disrupting gender hegemony in architecture and urban planning
items: Analysis of stereotypes in prostitution in television series. The case of Sky Rojo
items: Representation of Yolanda Díaz’s Female Political Leadership in abc.es and elpais.com: Few Gender Stereotypes, but Implicit Biases and Prejudices Persist
items: The representation of childbirth in serial fiction: absence and mediation
items: Gender study of spanish television infotainment comedy reception
items: Consent and Rage in Digital Media Discourses on the Rubiales Scandal

Gender, names, and numbers: Recovering a national community of women scientists, 1975-2000
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description: Introduction. Databases of scientific publications are not only tools for researchers, but also become available sources for reconstructing scientific communities in the history of science and technology. A world of names of knowledgeable people in research and academia has been constructed from databases that rely on the association between authorship and authority. In this system of recognition, gender has been either absent or simply ignored, stabilizing male authority. Objective and methodology. With the aim of reconstructing a community of Spanish women microbiologists, we explore the presence of these women in the publication database Web of Science (WoS) and two specialised Spanish journals between 1975 and 2000. Results. A list of 33 women belonging to the scientific community of interest resulted from this endeavour. From this search process, we discuss the gender issues embodied in the sources available and analyse the related challenges and the methods and resources we employed. Our research highlights the concealed gender issues relating to the WoS, as well as the exclusion of many journals, particularly those published in languages other than English. We overcame these limitations by both utilising tools provided by the database and retrieving the scientific recognition given to women as authors in two Spanish journals. This experience of reconstructing collectives by focusing on women thus embodies a reflection on the sources used to identify women and the collectives in which they worked. A set of sources were identified, and the relationships developed between these sources enabled us to unveil the geopolitics of scientific authority through authorship and to reconstruct a gendered scientific community. Conclusions. This essay proposes a methodological approach in which limitations, such as the quantification of productivity and the association between authorship and authority, have been problematised yet sufficiently overcome to accomplish our objec…
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creator: Isabel María Gómez Rodríguez
creator: María Jesús Santesmases
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 27
ending page: 38
doi: 10.5209/infe.91680

Intersectional Theory and Feminism in Agnès Varda's Documentaries Released in the 21st Century
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description: Introduction. This research analyzes six documentaries directed by Agnès Varda in the 21st century to examine how feminism is addressed in her work, understanding that it is not limited to gender but encompasses the intersections of gender, race, and class. Objectives. To comprehend how Agnès Varda addresses issues of gender, intersectionality, and female empowerment in her cinematic work and how it contributes to the advancement of feminism in the world of cinema. Methodology. A qualitative analytical-synthetic methodology is employed to dissect the object of study into various factors that influence the representation of feminism. The sample consists of all the documentaries released by the director in the 21st century. Content analysis technique is utilized, with a structured analysis sheet featuring categories derived from Intersectional Theory serving as the instrument. Results. Agnès Varda's documentaries carry a strong feminist and critical message about society. Perceptions of power and elements within power dynamics are evident in all of her films. Discussion. Varda's perspective is uniquely reflected in each of her documentaries, incorporating the presence of women in the narrative, either through her personal experiences or the stories of characters fighting for their rights. In this context, the message conveyed revolves around the need for change, reflection, and questioning of the prevailing societal norms in contrast to contemporary values. Conclusions. Agnès Varda's documentaries showcase the richness of reflection as a fundamental narrative element and emphasize the importance of exploring the intricacies of everyday life and human psychology. Implicitly, Varda incorporates the perspective of intersectional theory, addressing not only gender issues but also the intersection of identities such as race, class, and age in her cinematic work. Collectively, her filmography exemplifies the potential of cinema to represent and promote feminist values and p…
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creator: Galo Xavier Vásconez Merino
creator: Sandy Acosta Viera
creator: Mirsa Vivas Vera
creator: Antonella Carpio Arias
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 123
ending page: 134
doi: 10.5209/infe.91934

The korfbal and the process of feminization of sports in Spain
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description: During the first third of the 20th century, and in the context of the institutionalization of physical education in Spain, practices and games were articulated around school sports. The pedagogical preference towards corporal games made possible the incorporation of some foreign sports games that were assimilated to favor the physical education of young girls. The aim of this article is to recover the first news of the sports games that we have called "ball and basket" and, in particular, korfbal, which became known during the Second Republic. Likewise, the aim is to make visible the people who had the greatest influence on this issue. Based on a methodology that relies on the heuristics of the historical press, the chronology of commented news offers an analysis in the pedagogical and social field of physical education and sport. It is concluded that sports games such as basket-ball, net-ball, cestobal, korfball or gingar-ball configured a list of underlying practices of non-violence, susceptible of favoring the physical education of young Spanish women in accordance with the stereotype of women desired by the dominant culture and, consequently, constituting a sporting process of feminization.
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creator: Xavier Torrebadella Flix
creator: Marta Mauri Medrano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 135
ending page: 154
doi: 10.5209/infe.92103

Rewritting the history of spanish pharmacy in feminism
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description: Abstract: Introduction and Objectives. The main objective of this article is to highlight the role of first Spanish women in pharmacy, through history in feminine. Concretely, authors wish to praise the figure of the first Spanish female pharmaceutical university students, emphasizing the difficulties they had to overcome simply because they were women, to achieve their goals. Methodology. To publicize the history of the pioneering Spanish women of pharmacy, authors made a video which was aimed at second-year students of the degree in Pharmacy at the University of Seville (Spain) and it was elaborated according to the conditions of that time (places and clothing, above all), which was projected in a classroom of the Faculty of Pharmacy of that university and reflected, in the form of interviews, the lives of four first Spanish pharmacists, chosen from among those women who can be considered pioneers of the Spanish pharmaceutical profession, who managed to study in the first Pharmacy faculties in the country. Subsequently, students were asked to respond to a questionnaire in which they could express their impressions about the difficult life that these women had had due to issues of their gender, and the enormous efforts they had to make to be able to overcome these difficulties and be able to practice their professions. Results. Apart from promoting a methodological resource that can be used by other professors in their own universities, a qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis is carried out on the responses given by the students to the aforementioned questionnaire. Conclusions and discussion. This study concludes that the pioneering women of Spanish Pharmacy laid the first stone to try to achieve, on the one hand, equality between genders, and, on the other, to serve as references and models for those women of the future who also want to follow in their footsteps.
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creator: Antonio Ramos Carrillo
creator: Juan Núñez Valdés
creator: Esteban Moreno Toral
creator: Rocío Ruiz Altaba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 155
ending page: 170
doi: 10.5209/infe.92456

Feminist awareness among future educators and the impact of multimodal discourses from media culture and social networks
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description: Introduction: The multimodal anti-feminist, misogynistic, sexist and violent discourses that circulate on social networks and in media culture make these digital spaces highly contradictory for feminism and complex for adequate training on the subject. The concept of feminist consciousness as a critical analytical category refers to the learning and internalization of discourses that have a broad impact on self-identification and personal commitment to collective action towards a more egalitarian world between men and women and free of sexist violence. Objective: This work aims to understand the feminist consciousness of future educators. Methodology: We follow a qualitative digital ethnographic study. 50 women participate who will serve as future educators. A reflective and critical thematic analysis of the discourse is carried out on the basis of 10 dialogic virtual circles around 120 digital contents that collect multimodal discourses (memes, videos, vignettes, songs, comments...) that are part of media culture and circulate through social networks. Results: The results show different negotiation mechanisms of new femininities that make consciousness fluctuate between feminist and postfeminist, a powerful discourse of false empowerment (retrosexism), negative emotions associated with misogynistic memes as an icon of the new hipster sexism in the media, discursive contradictions and lack of coping resources that weaken collective feminist action. In summary, four types of feminist consciousness are identified: pseudofeminist, “happy”, “celebrity”, and “engaged”. Discussion and conclusions: These results are reflected in light of other current studies with implications not only for future research but also for training in feminism, gender, and equality.
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creator: Rocío Jiménez Cortés
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 171
ending page: 184
doi: 10.5209/infe.96925

Neurocommunication for gender paradigm change at a social scale
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description: Introduction and objectives. The goal of feminist communication is to win over hearts and minds for the cause of equality. However, despite aiming to be a cross-cutting concept in society -and to a large extent it already is- it has become entangled in political polarization due to its confrontation with deeply ingrained and challenging-to-overcome prejudices. Methodology. In this text, a reflection supported by bibliographic reviews of expert sources, primarily academic papers and monographs, has been carried out to understand these prejudices and determine if it would be possible to leverage the science of neurocommunication to overcome them. Results and conclusions. Through this, it has been possible to determine that the phenomena of feminism and anti-feminism have a more socially cross-cutting nature than what the dominant narrative dictates, and therefore the means employed in their communicative treatment must address this. By seeking high-impact personal strategies, often in opposition to those of broad social impact, and by seeking narratives and media that replace preconceptions with post-conceptions: real and influential experiences that keep in mind the multiplicity of perceptions from different audiences and the necessity to involve all possible parties in solving the larger issue of the transversal social inequality faced by women.
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creator: Almudena Barrientos-Báez
creator: David Caldevilla-Domínguez
creator: Teresa Piñeiro-Otero
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 39
ending page: 48
doi: 10.5209/infe.96961

Transforming rural areas through ICTs: A gender perspective on the new rurality
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description: Introduction: The massive irruption of teleworking in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a transformation of rural environments giving an impetus to the process of return of young people, this phenomenon is called the New Rurality. Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify the gender biases they perceive and manifest, and those they do not, with reference to the sexual division of labour and the role of ICTs in rural life today. Methodology: To this end, a qualitative methodology was employed through 15 semi-structured biographical interviews with women and men between 25 and 45 years of age who have returned to rural areas in the areas of Spain that suffer the greatest depopulation. Results: Through the analysis of participants' main discourses, we identify the keys for their return: quality of life, rootedness and environment; perceived gender gaps, particularly with regard to the sexual division of work and leisure; the fundamental role of ICTs in this New Rurality; and, finally, the slow emergence of new masculinities and femininities in the rural environment. Discussion and Conclusions: The conclusions point to teleworking as a potential opportunity for women to return to rural areas in the context of this New Rurality, insofar as it opens up professional spaces for them outside the predominantly masculine primary sector. Nevertheless, we also warn of the dangers of public policies of conciliation, such as the promotion of teleworking, which can increase the feminization of family care.
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creator: Marian Blanco-Ruiz
creator: Yanna G. Franco
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 49
ending page: 60
doi: 10.5209/infe.96971

Obstetric violence, perception and experience of control in birth: decisional making in reproductive health
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description: Introduction. Obstetric violence is an invisibilized issue that has been related to certain sociodemographic variables and to a lack of personal control in childbirth. Objectives. The aim of this study is to analyse the obstetric violence from a psychological perspective, and to understand the perception and experience of childbirth in Spanish women. Methodology. 214 women have participated in this study, aged between 19 and 45 (M = 35.4; DT = 4.56), who have given birth in recent years. Results and discussion. 62.1 % of the sample has suffered obstetric violence. Obstetric violence doesn’t relate to age or socioeconomic status. The level of personal control during childbirth is not related to the number of births. Statistically significant differences were found between obstetric violence and the sense of personal control during childbirth. Conclusion. Obstetric violence is a problematic present in Spain, and it is related to the sense of personal control during childbirth, thus affecting the assessment of the lived experience
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creator: Isabel Isart González
creator: María de la Villa Moral Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 185
ending page: 197
doi: 10.5209/infe.97700

Intelligent conversational agents (chatbots) and gender stereotypes in addressing Gender-Based Violence: A taxonomy of potential threats from a threat modelling approach
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description: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against gender-based violence (GBV) has gained increasing relevance, particularly through conversational agents or chatbots designed to support victims. However, the implementation of these tools is not without risks. This article analyzes the threats associated with the use of intelligent conversational agents or chatbots in addressing GBV and proposes a taxonomy of these threats based on the threat modeling approach. Based on an analysis of specialized literature and existing experiences, technological vulnerabilities, algorithmic biases, and ethical limitations are identified that may compromise the security and effectiveness of these tools. Furthermore, the discussion explores how Feminist AI can contribute to the creation of more inclusive systems that are sensitive to the needs of victims. The proposed taxonomy provides a reference framework for designing chatbots with an ethical approach, prioritizing user privacy, autonomy, and security
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creator: Borja Sanz Urquijo
creator: L
creator: Lorea Romero Gutierrez
creator: María Silvestre Cabrera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 5
ending page: 25
doi: 10.5209/infe.100601

Possibilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the prevention of gender-based violence
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description: : Introduction and aims: The massive emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) tools presents a significant challenge for feminist research: their gender biases to the detriment of women. This study explores the potential of AI as a tool for detecting gender-based violence in films and series through film analysis by means of the Bechdel-Wallace test. Methodology: A self-assessment questionnaire was designed, based on the Bechdel-Wallace test and other models that analyze the representation of women in audiovisual products. The generative AI Copilot (v.2024) was used to design a questionnaire, and its results were compared with those of a group of 29 university students. The questionnaire developed by Copilot (v.2024) aligned with the prevention and awareness principles established by the research team, demonstrating that AI, when guided and supervised, can generate useful tools for the critical analysis of gender representation. The students applied the questionnaire to cultural products of their choice, maintaining a critical distance that facilitated the identification of gender-based violence and reflection on gender representation in the media. Results: The responses from the pilot group were compared with those generated by Gemini 1.5, yielding a 78% coincidence between both. However, in 13% of the cases, human responses showed a deeper and more nuanced analysis than those of the AI, which tended to provide standardized answers without fully capturing the complexity of certain power dynamics. Implications: The study suggests that generative AI can be a supportive tool in educational contexts and the prevention of gender-based violence, provided its use is supervised and complemented with critical and reflective human analysis, grounded in feminist theory and research.
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creator: Iolanda Tortajada
creator: Cilia Willem
creator: Rosa María Gil Iranzo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 61
ending page: 70
doi: 10.5209/infe.100602

Perceptions and uses of artificial intelligence among university teaching staff: an analysis from a gender perspective
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description: Introduction: This article analyses university professors' perceptions of using artificial intelligence (AI) in teaching and learning processes from a gender perspective. The main objective is to explore how AI tools are used in teaching activities and examine possible gender differences in professors' attitudes and concerns regarding their impact. Methodology: A questionnaire was administered, completed by 133 university professors from various academic fields. The questionnaire incorporated a gender perspective approach to identify patterns in the use of and attitudes toward AI. Results: The data show widespread use of AI tools among university professors, with moderate differences in attitudes and concerns between men and women. Although these differences are not statistically significant, trends such as greater caution and critical reflection among female professors regarding the impact and use of AI in teaching and learning processes are observed. Discussion/Contribution: Although this research cannot generalize its findings to all university professors, the high number of responses and the disciplinary diversity provide valuable empirical information in a poorly studied field. The results highlight the need to develop training and institutional strategies that promote AI’s ethical, inclusive, and effective use in higher education.
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creator: Maribel Blázquez Rodríguez
creator: Julieta Vartabedian
creator: Olga I. Mancha Cáceres
creator: J. Ignacio Pichardo Galán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 91
doi: 10.5209/infe.100625

Hybridization as Subversion in Science Fiction: An Ecofeminist Reading to Reverse the Culture of Hate in The Animal Kingdom (2023)
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description: This article explores the representation of hybrid beings in contemporary science fiction cinema as a strategy to challenge the anthropocentric and binary ontologies that sustain structures of oppression. Drawing on ecofeminist theoretical frameworks, the analysis focuses on The Animal Kingdom (2023), examining how its narrative and visual aesthetics construct a discourse of resistance against the rigid boundaries between the human and the non-human. The film’s depiction of hybridization subverts the Cartesian division that has historically separated rational human subjectivity from animal otherness, positioning these liminal figures as symbols of vulnerability and emancipation. This study contributes to current debates in ecofeminism and posthumanism on interspecies hierarchies, intersectional ethics, and the role of speculative fiction in deconstructing exclusionary paradigms. By contextualizing the film within broader cultural anxieties about biopolitical control and environmental crises, this research argues that hybridization functions as a subversive strategy to challenge the culture of hate and exclusion, proposing alternative narratives of coexistence and interdependence.
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creator: Asunción Bernardez Rodal
creator: Iara Rossetti Musso
creator: Ignacio Moreno Segarra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 221
ending page: 231
doi: 10.5209/infe.101062

Analysis Model of Digital Misogyny Handling in User-Perceived Interactions with LLMs: A CRISP-DM-Based Approach
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description: Introduction. Digital misogyny is a manifestation of hate speech that affects the safety and participation of women in online spaces. With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Gemini, these systems have taken on a key role in a wide range of tasks performed by users. However, previous research has shown that LLMs may exhibit biases in the detection and handling of misogynistic speech. This issue is particularly relevant when LLMs interact conventionally with users without being explicitly instructed to perform active moderation. Objectives. This study proposes a model to evaluate LLM behavior in the moderation of misogynistic comments compared to other types of hate speech. Two key aspects are analyzed: (1) the frequency with which LLMs block misogynistic comments in relation to other forms of hate speech, and (2) the characteristics of the responses generated when such blocking does not occur. Methodology. The study follows the CRISP-DM methodology, widely used in data science, structuring the analysis in iterative phases. A generalizable model is developed and applied to a specific case study, in which simulated interactions with an LLM are evaluated, considering both active moderation and the responses generated. Results. The findings show that the analyzed LLM blocks misogynistic comments less frequently compared to xenophobic ones. Additionally, the language used in its responses reflects a differentiated treatment, with less depth in argumentation and lower contextualization when addressing misogyny. Contribution/Originality. The state-of-the-art review shows that the model presented in this study constitutes a novel contribution to the analysis of misogyny moderation in conventional interactions with LLMs.
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creator: Álvaro Carrasco-Aguilar
creator: María M. Carmona-Martínez
creator: María C. Parra-Meroño
creator: Miguel Camacho Ruiz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 93
ending page: 109
doi: 10.5209/infe.101149

Innovating through Care: The Case of LABNL, Lab Cultural Ciudadano in Monterrey, Mexico
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description: This article examines how citizen labs, using LABNL as a case study, operate as care infrastructures that support citizen innovation. From a feminist Science and Technology Studies perspective, it analyzes mediation as an ethical-political practice that enables inclusive participation and co-creation, highlighting the phases of care within the organization and collaboration between human and non-human actors. Using a qualitative methodology based on ethnography and interviews, the study shows that mediation is key to sustaining collaborative relationships, managing conflicts, and fostering community autonomy. The article stresses the importance of valuing care work, traditionally invisible, as essential for sustainability and equity in citizen innovation. It concludes that citizen labs can be redefined as spaces where care is fundamental for democratic participation and the production of commons, emphasizing the need for public policies that recognize and support these infrastructures and improve the working conditions of those who mediate and provide care.
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creator: David Gómez Abad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 111
ending page: 121
doi: 10.5209/infe.102079

Butler, Judith. ¿Quién teme al género? Ediciones Paidós, Barcelona, 2024. ISBN: 978-84-493-4238-7. 416 páginas.
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subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Laida Arbizu Aguirre
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 245
ending page: 246
doi: 10.5209/infe.102191

The Professional Career of Women in Advertising Agencies: Limitations, Challenges, and Best Practices
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description: Introduction. The incorporation of women into the advertising sector has been a tangible reality for several decades. However, the existence of a “glass ceiling” remains, seemingly hindering women from attaining executive positions and influencing specialization, with a low presence of women in creative roles. This is further compounded by the presence of the “impostor syndrome,” where women tend to undervalue their creative abilities and self-limit their involvement in certain areas of the advertising process. Objective. The objective focuses on identifying the limitations and challenges of women’s career paths in the field of advertising. Methodology. The research is based on interviews with professionals in the province of Pontevedra. An initial desk research phase is conducted to extract existing data on the presence of women in advertising companies. This is followed by fieldwork collecting testimonies from women currently developing their professional careers. These exploratory interviews lead to a qualitative analysis of limitations, challenges, and best practices. Results. The findings reveal that while women have relatively easy access to a sector already considered feminized, there is still significant complexity in entering certain roles. This difficulty tends to decrease when women launch their own initiatives and entrepreneurial projects. The existence of informal women’s networks within the sector is also highlighted, as they contribute to mutual support among professionals. Nevertheless, limitations related to work-life balance and self-imposed restrictions still persist. Conclusions and Discussion. This work succeeds in organizing issues that, although present, have received little academic attention. Furthermore, it establishes the need to expand the study to other regions and to promote strategies that encourage greater equity in the advertising industry.
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creator: Emma Torres-Romay
creator: Silvia García Mirón
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 233
ending page: 242
doi: 10.5209/infe.102972

Artificial Intelligence and Gender Stereotypes: Challenges and Opportunities
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description: Artificial Intelligence and Gender Stereotypes: Challenges and Opportunities
subject: Monograph
  topic: section
creator: Víctor Cerdán
creator: Daniel Villa Gracia
creator: Sonia Carcelén
creator: Fernanda Nascimento
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.5209/infe.106408

https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/INFE/en/article/view/106411
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title: Bernárdez Rodal, Asunción, Forjadoras de utopías. Seis escritoras españolas entre dos siglos (XIX–XX). Rosario de Acuña, Sofía Casanova, Carmen de Burgos, Clara Campoamor, María Enciso y Concha Castroviejo. Valencia, Tirant Humanidades, 2025. ISBN: 9788410810044. 288 páginas.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Dunia Etura Hernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 243
ending page: 244
doi: 10.5209/infe.106411

https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/INFE/en/article/view/106409
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title: Bueso, Natalia y Moreno, Juan Manuel (coords.), Violencia de género. Actuación en el ámbito educativo con menores víctimas. Cáceres, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2024, ISBN 978-84-9127-270-0. 148 páginas.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Juan Agustín Franco Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 247
ending page: 248
doi: 10.5209/infe.106409

Women and journalism in India. Analysis of the leadership roles of the vulnerable female audience in the documentary Writing with Fire
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description: : Introduction. Within the socio-cultural structure of the Indian caste system, Dalit women have historically been silenced and marginalized. However, a small group of them has created a media outlet determined to challenge these hegemonic narratives, using journalism as a tool for social transformation. This production not only seeks to make their experiences visible but also actively promotes empowerment and female leadership through professional work and narrative autonomy. The analyzed film demonstrates how social cinema and journalism can serve as mechanisms for reshaping the traditional roles of women in contexts of structural oppression. Objective. This study aimed to analyze how the attributes of female leadership are constructed and represented in a film centered on Dalit women journalists, exploring the potential of social cinema as a medium to transform traditional perceptions of women’s roles in society. Methodology. A thorough review of the literature on leadership and gender studies was conducted, complemented by a theoretical framework based on classical approaches to film analysis by authors such as Casetti and Di Chio. Additionally, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), following Teun A. van Dijk’s original framework, was applied to examine the narrative, symbolic, and discursive structure of the film. The analysis focused on three main axes: a) Representation of female leadership, b) Construction of empowerment through caste and gender, and c) The articulation of cinema as a means of social transformation. Results. The study revealed that the women protagonists reconfigure traditional leadership styles by incorporating dimensions such as collaboration, resistance from marginality, and community engagement. The audiovisual discourse highlights a rupture with gender and caste stereotypes, portraying a narrative in which women are not merely victims of the system but agents of change. Moreover, journalism is shown not only as a means of denunciation bu…
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creator: Oliver Carrero Márquez
creator: Yolanda Berdasco Gancedo
creator: Alejandro De Vega Unceta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 209
ending page: 221
doi: 10.5209/infe.94794

Women in the news: analysis of the news programs of TVE, Antena 3, Telecinco, La Sexta, and Cuatro
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description: The ‘Observatory of Information Quality on Television’ (OCITV) aims to study/analyze television news programs. OCITV has analyzed more than 10,000 pieces of more than 200 television news programs from the five major Spanish networks uninterruptedly since 2014 (TVE1, Antena 3, Cuatro, Telecinco and La Sexta). Objectives: It is proposed here to study the presence of women in the aforementioned news programs as well as their referential frameworks and, consequently, to generate a reflection on the importance of television information in a democratic, plural, tolerant and inclusive society and to address and describe the way in which television news constructs reality. Methodology: Quantitative content analysis is preferably used on a sample of 125 news programs (5,274 pieces), broadcast between 2018 and 2023, complemented with qualitative analysis.. Results: It is evident that although the Spanish population is mostly female, their representation in the news is still significantly lower than that of men, both in terms of voices and leaders, and usually incorporates representation biases in the news frames, very frequently linking news about women with issues such as violence, political controversies or personal problems in the professional field. Discussion: The mission of promoting gender equality continues to be the task of the entire society, but especially of those public agents or operators who occupy relevant places in the social structure, as is the case of the media and, more specifically, television.
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creator: Rubén Fernández-Costa
creator: Elvira Calvo
creator: Joaquín Sotelo
creator: Daniel Aparicio
creator: Claudia López
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 171
ending page: 180
doi: 10.5209/infe.98162

The transgression of gender stereotype in the judgments on the credibility and morality of victims of sexual assault
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description: Objectives. This research aims to test whether the transgression of gender stereotype, behavioral stereotype and alcohol consumption by a victim of sexual assault by a stranger influences the attribution of guilt, credibility and morality to the victim and guilt to the offender, as well as the beliefs of the participants. Methodology. Two studies were conducted. The first study involved 108 people (73 women) and the second 103 (65 women). In both studies the participants read an experimental vignette and answered a questionnaire that included the variables indicated. Results. Overall, the results revealed that when the victim transgressed the gender stereotype (vs. did not transgress) participants attributed her less credibility and morality and were more supportive of rape myths and sexist beliefs. No effects of stereotypic behavior transgression or alcohol consumption were found on any variable. Discussion. The present research extends the literature on the effects of transgression of gender stereotypes by a sexual assault victim on different factors, highlighting the need and the importance of addressing the morality attributed to the victim, as well as the malleability of sexist beliefs and rape myths.
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creator: Isabel Cuadrado
creator: Leila I. Vázquez-González
creator: Arturo García de Olalla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 301
ending page: 311
doi: 10.5209/infe.81634

The most vulnerable of the vulnerable: women prisoners in Spanish prisons
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description: Introduction. One of the most vulnerable groups in contemporary societies is made up of persons deprived of their liberty. However, within the prison population, there are certain groups that are particularly disadvantaged, such as women prisoners. The aim of this research is to explore the profile of women prisoners and, especially, the risk factors that this group presents. Methodology. For this purpose, a quantitative empirical study is presented that analyses 302 questionnaires carried out on the female population in six prisons in the south of Spain between 2018 and 2019. Given that the female prison population in Spain is approximately 4,000 inmates, this is a fairly representative sample, and therefore the results of this research can be extrapolated to all female inmates in Spanish prisons. The instrument used is a questionnaire validated and applied in various prisons in Europe and South America (Ravagnani and Romano, 2013) with 69 questions covering personal, socio-family, and police-penal history. Results and discussion. The results show the significant presence of risk factors, especially the high rate of victimization and family breakdown, which place this group in a particularly vulnerable position, allowing us to outline some proposals to guide prison policy in the treatment of women prisoners.
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creator: Esther Montero Pérez de Tudela
creator: Blanca Martín Ríos
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 313
ending page: 325
doi: 10.5209/infe.84000

Mass-media, television programs, platforms that propagate inequality between men and women
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description: Introduction/purpose/objectives. In the attempt to discover what areas need to be worked on in order to eradicate gender violence, television is a means of communication and a socialising mechanism which, due to its considerable influence, becomes an essential field of analysis. The main objective of this article is to reveal whether situations that may perpetuate inequality between men and women are presented in the media. Methodology. For this purpose, qualitative research was carried out using the technique of content analysis. The content analysis of the broadcasts recorded during seven consecutive days in prime time, from 10 p.m. to midnight. The recording and interpretation of the audiovisual material was compiled in a field diary. Subsequently, a data emptying sheet was drawn up for interpretation. Results. It has been possible to verify that the images that are broadcast are not in line with what is regulated by legislation, and that they perpetuate gender inequality, with the media, and more specifically television, being a sphere of segregation and inequality. Discussion/contribution/originality of the contribution. The evidence provided is presented in an unpublished and original way, insofar as the study carried out comes from primary sources, whose results and information have not been interpreted before, thus offering an analysis of the micromachismos that are transmitted by media as close as television. In the face of this evidence, there is much to reflect on, to say and to propose in order to contribute to changing this reality.
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creator: Teresa Aguilar-Martínez
creator: Antonia Rodríguez-Martínez
creator: Juana Pérez-Villar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 157
ending page: 169
doi: 10.5209/infe.86043

Public and private in feminist theory: disrupting gender hegemony in architecture and urban planning
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description: Introduction. The hegemonic androcentric cultural thought that has prevailed for centuries has marked a social place associated with practices that are spatially constructed from gender and that determine power relations that promote cycles of violence against women, with incidence in geographical contexts of Latin America and particularly of Mexico. This place is organized under the public-private binomial, which establishes patterns that reproduce inequalities within a hierarchical position marked from male domination, in which space is not neutral, but obeys a capitalist patriarchal structure that organizes the location and position of men and women. Objectives. In this sense, the present work aims to make a critical reading of the use and materialization of the concept of public and private space in architecture and urbanism. Methodology. In a feminist key. Results and Discussion. It became clear that patriarchal structures of power and violence are reproduced through design, as well as through the “neutralized” incorporation of the category of gender into the ways of designing and making cities. Conclusions. From this, what we can find out is that gender has perpetuated a discourse that hides women, reproducing the same discriminatory neoliberal constructed forms.
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creator: Carla Filipe Narciso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 327
ending page: 338
doi: 10.5209/infe.88102

Analysis of stereotypes in prostitution in television series. The case of Sky Rojo
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description: Introduction. At present, a great debate has been generated around prostitution. There are those who defend their legitimacy and their regularization because they believe that they are women who freely exploit their sexuality. Others are in favor of abolishing it to eradicate this activity, since they consider that they are vulnerable women forced to practice this profession. Objective. This article tries to verify if the series Sky Rojo, from Netflix Spain, makes a faithful portrait of what is lived in the world of prostitution. Methodology. A detailed analysis of the contents, dialogues and settings of the first two seasons of the series Sky Rojo, from Netflix Spain, has been carried out. The selected bibliographic texts have helped to know the stereotypes that surround the issue of prostitution and what messages they convey to the public. Results. It has been possible to verify that the series does show prostitution in a similar way to what these workers experience on a daily basis and there has been a clear evolution between the two seasons, although the stereotypes were present at all times.
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creator: Lúa Rodríguez Alegre
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 243
ending page: 249
doi: 10.5209/infe.90085

Representation of Yolanda Díaz’s Female Political Leadership in abc.es and elpais.com: Few Gender Stereotypes, but Implicit Biases and Prejudices Persist
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description: Introduction: Feminism is a political theory and practice articulated by women who after analyzing the reality in which they live become aware of the discriminations they suffer for the sole reason of being women and decide to organize to put an end to them, to change society (Wollstonecraft, 2013, 14). Since 1984, research has been carried out on female political leadership, the results of which are hardly surprising: low representation of women compared to men, images and texts that reinforce the traditional and stereotyped role of women and the absence of alternative models, but existing in Spanish society" (Viladot i Presas, 2008). Objectives: This research aims to find out whether the media have evolved in their dissemination of female leadership and whether ideology influences the way they reflect it. Based on a monitoring of the representation of the role of Yolanda Díaz, vice-president of the Government and presidential candidate for Sumar, in two Spanish digital media of different positions (abc.es and elpaís.com), we will analyze if there is gender inequality in the information in which she appears as a protagonist, if there is abuse of misunderstandings and prejudices and if stereotypes are reinforced or not. Methodology: An analysis of the discourse in the information that appeared during four months was carried out using a table of our own elaboration with variables based on the study of Gárces Ortíz et al., 2019, 48. : The research shows that the gender inequality gap in the political sphere shown by the media is being solved, that women appear with the role of protagonist when they have it, regardless of the ideology of the media, although the stereotypes found differ between the two newspapers. In abc.es they focus on highlighting transgressive behavior or social relations and in elpais.com they concentrate on intellectual capacity.
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creator: María Teresa Barrero Isidoro
creator: Paloma Abejón Mendoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 181
ending page: 196
doi: 10.5209/infe.91009

The representation of childbirth in serial fiction: absence and mediation
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description: Introduction and Objectives. This paper analyses how television series from the so-called third golden age have represented childbirth, identifying their main features. It also specifically examines the contemporary series Dead Ringers (Amazon Prime, 2023) as a case study. Methodology. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis was employed to describe, in an objective and systematic manner, the representational discourse in the series studied. Aspects such as the depiction of childbirth and caesarean section, the associated discourse, and the preceding processes were coded. The corpus covers US and Anglo-Saxon television fiction from 2001 to 2023, with over two hundred series analysed. Qualitative coding enabled the identification of representational patterns with high inter-coder reliability. Results. Series rarely show childbirth in its entirety. The image of the mother as a passive subject predominates, birth is mostly presented as medicalised, and caesarean sections almost never appear on screen. These features are foregrounded and made explicit in Dead Ringers, which addresses them through its narrative and offers a graphic and realistic vision of childbirth, focusing on female autonomy and ethical dilemmas. Conclusions and Discussion. This research is necessary because childbirth has been underrepresented in audiovisual fiction, and there are few academic studies on this subject. Dead Ringers, as a case study, confirms the identified representational tropes and provides a critical perspective on medicalisation, female bodily autonomy, obstetric violence, and the commodification of the body, challenging stereotypes and highlighting new ways of portraying motherhood on screen.
subject: Monograph
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creator: Raquel Crisóstomo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 233
ending page: 241
doi: 10.5209/infe.91109

Gender study of spanish television infotainment comedy reception
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description: Introduction and Objectives. Infohumor is the branch of infotainment that combines current affairs with comedy. This part of entertainment generates complicity with the public thanks to satirical news criticism. Data from Kantar Media reveal a higher percentage of male followers of these programs than women. Television share no taking into account other consumption, which makes it difficult to establish a profile, as well as the reasons for viewing infotainment comedy shows. A reception study was proposed that would take into account the generational and gender differences of infohumor audiences. In Spain, the consumption of these programs has changed since Caiga quien caiga and that women have been gaining prominence as hosts and collaborators. Methodology. In order to evaluate the appreciation of these formats by Spanish audiences and determine if their differences by sex condition the reception of their contents, five discussion groups were held with potential viewers of infohumor programs, such as El intermedio and Todo es mentira, with a group only of women and another group of men. Results. The women consulted declared that they are more followers of infohumor formats than men, because they enjoy and appreciate them more. For their part, men react more critically and censorious than women with these formats, as well as being more intransigent with respect to the television preferences of their partners or cohabitants. Conclusions. Despite agreeing on certain issues regarding the content of infohumor, men and women differed more than agreed when it came to reflecting on the form of these spaces.
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creator: Inmaculada Concepción Aguilera García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 223
ending page: 232
doi: 10.5209/infe.92128

Consent and Rage in Digital Media Discourses on the Rubiales Scandal
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description: Introduction. The non-consensual kiss from Luis Rubiales, former president of the RFEF, to Spanish National Team player Jennifer Hermoso during the medal ceremony following the World Cup final held on August 20, 2023, spurred a media debate in Spain concerning the limits of consent as promoted by the so-called Only Yes Means Yes Law. Objectives. The main objective of this article is to analyze the media accounts of the Rubiales scandal from a critical discursive approach. We have explored the ways in which the intelligibility of consent in this context has been mediatized and whether or not this process has recognized the transformative nature of women’s rage. Methodology. We have employed Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the processes of politicization of feminist rage as well as the resulting illegibility of this rage when characterized as excessive or non-productive. A sample of opinion pieces published between August 20 and September 10, 2023 in four digital newspapers has been analyzed: El Mundo, ABC, Eldiario.es and El País. Results. The analysis of the opinion pieces selected in the four media outlets studied reveals that there is a consensus about the inappropriate nature of Rubiales' kiss to Hermoso. The consideration and approach of the progressive and conservative media differs, however, in the identification of Rubiales' kiss as aggression, as well as in the recognition of the concept of consent and the portrayal of feminist rage as transformative or, alternatively, as excessive and politically instrumentalized.
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creator: Diana Fernández-Romero
creator: Sonia Núñez-Puente
creator: Laura Martínez-Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Investigaciones Feministas (Feminist Research)
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 197
ending page: 207
doi: 10.5209/infe.94405