Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
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description: Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico (Studies about the journalistic message) (ISSN 1134-1629, e-ISSN 1988-2696) is a scientific journal published quarterly. Its primary goal is to promote research on the expressive forms and social functions of journalism and communication. Articles are published in Spanish, but submissions in widely spoken languages such as English, French, and Portuguese are also accepted. EMP has three traditional sections: "Studies" (which appears only in thematic issues dedicated to particularly significant topics), "Research and Documents" (dedicated to works that align with the journal’s objectives), and "Reviews" (featuring critiques of works related to journalism or communication). The journal also publishes texts solicited by the Editorial Board from renowned authors (in the "EMP Essays" section), as well as interviews with key figures in journalism and communication academia (in the "EMP Dialogues" section).
publisher: Ediciones Complutense
language: en
publication name: Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
issn: 1134-1629
copyright: In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
items: Female irruption and digital narratives alternative in alternative sports journalism: the case of ecuavóley
items: The impact of statistical applications on sports journalism: comparative study between algorithmic and human evaluations in elite football
items: Work precarity and gender in Argentine journalism: A double crisis for female journalists
items: Zayani, M. y Khalil, J. F. (2024). The Digital Double Bind: Change and Stasis in the Middle East. Oxford University Press
items: Political and emotional polarization in Spain: an exploratory systematic review
items: Economic and identity populism on digital platforms. Milei and Abascal on TikTok
items: Indicators for transparency in the planning and implementation of state advertising campaigns
items: Emotional Truth: Visual Narratives and Strategic Affectivity of the Far Right on TikTok during the European political dynamics
items: Informational Profiles and Incidental Consumption Pathways: A model to analyze the relationship of young people with the news
items: Youth and political trust in the European Parliament: the potential of social media communication
items: Incivility on Facebook during 8M: comments on posts by five Spanish-language media outlets
items: Depoliticization, Body, and Subordination: Media Narratives on Sheinbaum and Gálvez during the Presidential Campaigns
items: From “Fucking Panza Mileurista to Millionaire”: Work, Discipline, and Success in the Manosphere
items: English From Message to Vibe: TikTok and Hybrid Political Communication in the 2024 UK Election
items: ‘We’ve got them dancing, lads’: Culture wars and self-promotion on Vito Quiles’s España Combativa tour
items: Mapping AI uses and perceptions in fact-checking organisations in Mediterranean Europe
items: An overview of the organizational model and structure of local radio in Catalonia
items: The Walking Concepts: Zombie Categories in Communication Theories
items: Presentación monográfico
items: Ageism in the media agenda: journalistic coverage of the "I'm old, not an idiot" campaign
items: Women in sports journalism: perceptions, narratives and professional and training challenges
items: ‘Racism Is Not a Sport’: An Analysis of Media Coverage of the Racial Violence Against Vinícius Júnior in Brazil and Spain
items: The perspective of journalism students towards Palestinian short narrative films: Evidence from a survey across Palestinian universities
items: Keys to conceptualizing the television morning show from a systematic literature review
items: YouTube debates on nuclear energy as ‘green’: mapping actors, interactions, and arguments
items: Artificial intelligence in the public debate: risk amplifiers and mitigators in media discourse
items: Cyberjournalism in local media: a distant proximity in an untapped cyberspace
items: Presidential elections in Colombia 2022 in the international media: the Francia Márquez phenomenon and its impact on the news construction of the campaign
items: Narrative journalism, migration and gender: non-fiction literature as a tool for social denunciation. Comparative study of Residence Permit and Visceral, by Maria Fernanda Ampuero
items: Streaming Ads: comparative analysis of Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ y HBO Max in Spain

Female irruption and digital narratives alternative in alternative sports journalism: the case of ecuavóley
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description: In the Ecuadorian context, ecuavóley is a popular sports practice with a strong territorial presence, but historically excluded from traditional media. Its female version, in particular, has been doubly invisible: because of its condition as a non-institutionalized sport and because it is reproduced in a masculinized media field. This article takes as its object of study a sample of 40 videos selected from more than 1,539 audiovisual content available on YouTube about ecuavóley, all with female participation, published between 2022 and 2024 on three specialized channels. The objective is to analyze how specialized digital narratives configure alternative forms of media representation of sport, with emphasis on the visibility of women. Based on a qualitative methodology, which combines content analysis and critical discourse analysis, and with technical support from artificial intelligence tools for the organization of the corpus, six categories were defined: visibility of female athletes, narrative language, visual resources, audience interaction, contextualization of the event and audiovisual production. The results show a tension between the growing presence of women in these spaces and the persistence of gender stereotypes in discourses. However, emerging practices of alternative sports journalism are also identified, characterized by self-management, community narrative and the resignification of popular sport from the digital margins.
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creator: Cristián Londoño-Proaño
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 477
ending page: 486
doi: 10.5209/esmp.103697

The impact of statistical applications on sports journalism: comparative study between algorithmic and human evaluations in elite football
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description: This study compares journalistic and algorithmic evaluations of elite football players’ performance in a context of growing influence of platforms such as Sofascore and Flashscore. Using a cross-sectional observational design, a purposive sample of 60 players across 10 high-profile matches (2024–2025 season) was analyzed. For each player, ratings were collected from both algorithms and two European media outlets, selected from a total of 13 (7 traditional and 6 digital native). Descriptive and inferential analyses were applied to examine central tendencies and dispersion, convergence between systems, the impact of match outcome, variation by player position and role, divergences by media type and country, patterns by specific outlet, and paradigmatic qualitative cases. Results show that media assign significantly lower ratings (mean 6.76; p < 0.001) and with greater variability (CV = 26.4 %) compared to algorithms (Sofascore: 7.53, CV = 11.8 %; Flashscore: 7.33, CV = 12.4 %). The correlation between algorithms is very high (r = 0.858) and higher than between media and algorithms (r ≈ 0.72). All systems display statistically significant sensitivity to match outcome (p ≤ 0.01), but the magnitude of bias is markedly greater in media (-2.01 points between win and loss) than in algorithms (-0.75/-0.96). Convergence is significantly stronger for standout players (d > 0.90). No significant differences were found by position or media type. Exploratory analyses suggest that each outlet’s editorial culture is more decisive than its country or media type. It is concluded that both systems are epistemologically complementary, and their integration—not substitution—enriches sports performance evaluation.
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creator: Rubén J. García-Fernández
creator: Alberto Quian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 453
ending page: 475
doi: 10.5209/esmp.103702

Work precarity and gender in Argentine journalism: A double crisis for female journalists
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description: The present study examines the perception of work precarity and compares gender dynamics in this regard, drawing insights from a survey of journalists in Argentina. The analysis of the 672 response questionnaires indicates a gender disparity, particularly for women, in terms of job instability, as they are more likely to hold temporary and part-time positions. Furthermore, a discrepancy has been observed in their capacity to influence work organization, as they frequently occupy lower-level positions and prioritize family well-being. Motherhood and the care of dependent beings are significant impediments to women's professional development, as they are often compelled to postpone projects or modify their working conditions. However, this is not the only factor to be considered. A significant number of participants have articulated sentiments of underestimation, largely attributable to their gender. The prevailing sentiment among both genders is that male journalists are the beneficiaries of a greater range of opportunities, enhanced prospects for professional advancement, and more favorable working conditions. The sexism that still exists in the sector is also seen as a key constraint, as many women feel undervalued in their workplaces simply for being women, regardless of whether they have children or not. This study makes a significant contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the gender gap in journalism on a global scale. In this context, the regulation of work-life balance and the implementation of gender quotas are ongoing processes in most regions worldwide.
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creator: Carme Ferré-Pavia
creator: Jerónimo Biderman
creator: Laura Fanals Gubau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 415
ending page: 427
doi: 10.5209/esmp.103789

Zayani, M. y Khalil, J. F. (2024). The Digital Double Bind: Change and Stasis in the Middle East. Oxford University Press
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subject: Reviews
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creator: João Carlos Sousa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 495
ending page: 497
doi: 10.5209/esmp.105717

Political and emotional polarization in Spain: an exploratory systematic review
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description: Political polarization has become one of the most extensively studied phenomena in contemporary Spain, particularly following the intensification of public debate over the past decade. This article presents a systematic exploratory review (scoping review) of academic literature published between 2020 and 2025, with the aim of mapping the main thematic lines, theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches, and analytical trends in the study of polarization in Spain, as well as identifying research gaps.The analysis of 25 articles shows that Spanish scholarship conceptualizes polarization as a multifaceted phenomenon, with particular emphasis on its affective and ideological dimensions. The reviewed literature assigns a relevant role to political, media, and digital actors in shaping confrontational dynamics, highlighting social media platforms—especially X—as environments that may facilitate the amplification of polarizing discourse. The so-called “culture wars” around identity-related issues emerge as recurrent axes of analysis. The studies examined tend to interpret polarization as having significant implications for the quality of public debate and institutional functioning, while paying comparatively limited attention to potential functional or ambivalent effects. Overall, the literature privileges diagnostic approaches over comparative, longitudinal, or intervention-oriented research. This article provides an updated systematic map of the field, contributing to clarifying the current state of knowledge and outlining avenues for future research.
subject: Monográfico
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creator: Javier Durá Martínez de la Peña
creator: Alexandre López-Borrull
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 357
ending page: 369
doi: 10.5209/esmp.105980

Economic and identity populism on digital platforms. Milei and Abascal on TikTok
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description: In a context where social media and digital platforms have come key spaces for ideological expression and civic mobilization, TikTok emerges as a central space for the dissemination of political discourses that are polarizing, emotionally charged and aesthetically crafted for virality. This study examines the communicative strategies of two leaders commonly regarded as populists Javier Milei (Argentina) and Santiago Abascal (Spain) on TikTok, with the aim of analyzing how the employ this platform in discursive and rhetorical terms and how their engagement operates. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory sequential design, combining quantitative techniques (descriptive and inferential statistics) and qualitative analysis. The period under review spans 43 months (February 2022-October 2025). All videos published by Milei were analyzed, while in Abascal´s case a systematic probabilistic sampling was applied to cover the entire period. The final sample consisted of 194 videos. Both leaders use TikTok to construct populist leadership through emotional and aesthetic narratives tailored to the logic of virality, although they diverge in thematic focus. Milei emphasizes an economic populism with a disruptive and aggressive tone, whereas Abascal reinforces a nationalist identity with an epic and institutional aesthetic. Both exploit rhetorical and visual resources that intensify affective polarization (the use of “us versus them”), which generates the highest levels of interaction. Consequently, TikTok functions more as a space for emotional adhesion than for democratic deliberation, prompting a critical perspective on the platform’s role as a technopolitical space.
subject: Monográfico
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creator: Ramiro Díaz-Maroto Oro
creator: David García-Marín
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 251
ending page: 267
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106095

Indicators for transparency in the planning and implementation of state advertising campaigns
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description: This study analyzes the extent to which indicators that allow monitoring the configuration of the planning and implementation of institutional advertising campaigns by the General State Administration are published, to guarantee transparency, in accordance with Law 29/2005 on Institutional Advertising and Communication. Thus, the study examines which indicators must be taken into account to be in line with the requirements of European Media Freedom Act and the Democracy Action Plan. To this end, the plans and reports of the Commission on Institutional Advertising and Communication published during 2015-2024 are analyzed. In relation to the planning of the campaigns, information is published on their distribution, with consistency observed in the objectives, the targeted recipient, and the area of coverage. However, the media plan does not achieve the level of transparency it should, as it does not provide information on the campaigns and budgets allocated to specific media outlets. The ex-post evaluation is in no way representative, nor does it provide performance indicators, thus their efficiency and effectiveness cannot be ascertained. The lack of disclosure in these aspects requires adaptations to comply with the transparency that allows appreciation of the pluralism, proportionality and non-discrimination established in Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 and the Democracy Action Plan.
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creator: Guadalupe Aguado-Guadalupe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 441
ending page: 452
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106192

Emotional Truth: Visual Narratives and Strategic Affectivity of the Far Right on TikTok during the European political dynamics
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description: This article analyzes how European far-right leaders used TikTok during the 2024 European Parliament election campaign to construct emotional truths through visual, narrative, and affective resources. Drawing on a sample of 472 videos posted by 27 far-right party leaders in 19 countries, it applies a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative content analysis, organized into three blocks: ideological contextualization, profile characterization, and systematic examination of the audiovisual content. The results show that TikTok has become a strategic space for articulating narratives that carefully combine negative emotions (fear, danger, disgust) with positive ones (pride, hope, enjoyment, empathy), shaping a hybrid aesthetics that alternates between denunciation of the present and the promise of renewal. The most frequent topics focus on campaign events, calls to vote, criticism of the political system, and immigration, while explicit references to young people are scarce and are instead replaced by implicit strategies of connection based on visual style, informal language, and identity codes. The analysis of normalized engagement reveals that content associated with personal enjoyment, vulnerability, hope, and the defence of traditional values achieves higher proportional interaction than that grounded in intense negativity or pride. The study concludes that TikTok operates as a privileged device for the dissemination of emotional truths, understood as narrative constructions that are plausible due to their affective resonance rather than their factual basis, reinforcing the mobilizing capacity of the far right among young audiences.
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creator: Noelia García-Estévez
creator: Manuel Jesús Cartes-Barroso
creator: Sandra Méndez-Muros
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 343
ending page: 355
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106205

Informational Profiles and Incidental Consumption Pathways: A model to analyze the relationship of young people with the news
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description: In the context of news consumption on social media, incidental exposure has been identified as one of the predominant practices for encountering news, especially among young people. Despite the exploration of its characteristics in existing studies, there is a need to understand its development in greater depth and to examine the differences that emerge according to audiences' news reports. This research proposes a model that links news profiles of young people aged 18 to 24 living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile with the type of pathway of incidental consumption. The model is based on a mixed-methods approach, which included 40 interviews and 385 surveys. Incidental consumption refers to the activities that people engage in when they come across news in this way. The results of the study indicate that the consumption habits of young people regarding news can be classified into three distinct profiles. The following categories are proposed for consideration: "social media news users", "minimalists" and "digital traditionalists". Moreover, three potential courses of action have been identified in the aftermath of incidental encounters: the scrolling of content due to a lack of interest or to avoid news updates; the partial review of content by reading headlines or descriptions; and the development of four intentional search strategies. These findings offer a more profound comprehension of informational practices that have the potential to inform new research directions and be of use to industry decision-makers seeking to enhance their engagement with their audiences.
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creator: Rocío Gómez Astudillo
creator: Cristóbal Benavides Almarza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 401
ending page: 414
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106226

Youth and political trust in the European Parliament: the potential of social media communication
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description: The crisis of political trust among young citizens in the institutions of the European Union is one of the main challenges that must be addressed in order to guarantee the future legitimacy of the EU project. This research aims to find solutions to this problem through communication on social media and has two objectives: to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables on young citizens' political trust in the European Parliament and to identify the types of communication on the European Parliament's social media that they perceive as having the greatest potential to improve political trust in the institution. The study adopts a quantitative methodological approach. Data collection includes N=470 questionnaires completed by young citizens aged 18 to 26 living in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland. The data analysis is carried out using statistical procedures such as descriptive analyses, a binary logistic regression model, an analysis of the model's B regression coefficients, an ordinal regression, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and a Dunn post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. The results indicate that the influential sociodemographic variables are socioeconomic status, employment status, and educational level. In addition, it is observed that the types of social media communications with the greatest perceived potential are those that involve bidirectionality. These findings are useful for designing communication strategies on the European Parliament's social media aimed at improving its trust among European youth, both in terms of audience and content.
subject: Monográfico
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creator: Andrea Moreno-Cabanillas
creator: Álvaro Serna-Ortega
creator: Ana Almansa-Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 283
ending page: 296
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106605

Incivility on Facebook during 8M: comments on posts by five Spanish-language media outlets
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description: The present study analyzes the incivility present in Facebook user comments made on the posts of five Spanish-speaking media outlets with the highest digital reputation – El País (Spain), El Mundo (Spain), El Comercio (Peru), ABC (Spain), and La Nación (Argentina) – during the coverage of International Women's Day (8M) between 2021 and 2025. Based on a mixed content analysis applied to 550 comments/responses selected by volume of interaction (110 textual contents for each medium), the research classifies the levels and types of uncivil behavior according to typologies by Rosenberg (2018) and Bentivegna and Rega (2024). The results obtained show that verbal hostility is widespread across all studied media outlets, with a predominance of high and moderate incivility, characterized by vulgar language, identity-based name-calling/disqualification, sarcasm, and mutual reinforcement among users. Likewise, aggressive interaction was manifested towards both figures mentioned in the news and other users, with discriminatory expressions frequently directed at women, sexual minorities, or ideological groups. The study, therefore, confirms patterns described in previous literature, including the defensive effect, polarization, the impunity fostered by anonymity, and the degradation of debate in contexts of political discussion. Finally, the need to extend the analysis to other platforms and explore the role of non-textual interactions in the construction of the digital deliberative climate is raised
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creator: Rafael Alexis Robles Olivos
creator: Daniel Jácobo Morales
creator: Javier Ernesto García Wong Kit
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 269
ending page: 281
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106885

Depoliticization, Body, and Subordination: Media Narratives on Sheinbaum and Gálvez during the Presidential Campaigns
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description: In Mexico’s 2024 presidential election, Claudia Sheinbaum and Xóchitl Gálvez concentrated the electoral contest within a context of institutional advances in gender parity. This article aimed to identify how news coverage constructed discursive representations around (a) body and attire, (b) personality attributes, (c) narratives of depoliticization through trivialization and dehumanization, and (d) co-responsibility or subordination in relation to other figures, primarily male. Methodologically, the study employed a qualitative discourse analysis inspired by van Dijk and Fairclough. The corpus consisted of N = 196 statements broadcast in news programs between March 1 and May 29, 2024: N = 134 drawn from the Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) monitoring of the most-watched radio and television news programs at the local, regional, and national levels; and N = 62 extracted from five native YouTube news programs selected based on engagement and editorial orientation. The material was systematized in NVivo and inductively coded, resulting in a system of four categories and twelve emergent subcategories. The findings reveal the persistence of mechanisms of symbolic violence, such as body shaming and aesthetic judgment, suspicion of artificiality, contradictory demands of communion and agency (double bind), infantilization, and ridicule, as well as frames of tutelage, obedience, and hierarchical control that suppress political agency. It is concluded that, despite the unprecedented scenario of competition between women, news discourses continued to reproduce gender stereotypes with delegitimizing effects on the political leadership of Sheinbaum and Gálvez
subject: Monográfico
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creator: Edrei Álvarez-Monsiváis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 239
ending page: 250
doi: 10.5209/esmp.106948

From “Fucking Panza Mileurista to Millionaire”: Work, Discipline, and Success in the Manosphere
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description: In contemporary contexts, work is often presented not only as a means of subsistence but also as a life project that demands total dedication, continuous improvement, and personal sacrifice. This study analyses how this ethic of effort is constructed and legitimised through Instagram videos posted by content creator Amadeo Llados from January to May 2024. Using critical discourse analysis as a methodological tool, the research examines the strategies Llados employs to promote an individualistic vision of success, in which personal achievement is portrayed as the exclusive result of willpower, discipline, and an appropriate mindset. A central dimension of these discourses is the training of the body as both a metaphor and a vehicle for personal success, in which physical practice serves as a symbol of control, perseverance, and merit. The body thus emerges as a form of capital in itself: shaped, managed, and optimised according to logics of efficiency and self-improvement. Within this framework, work is construed as a moral identity, while failure is presented as an individual responsibility. The study situates these contents within the digital ecosystem of the manosphere, a space in which models of masculinity associated with control, productivity, and self-sufficiency are reinforced. It is argued that these videos contribute to the normalisation of forms of self-exploitation while simultaneously obscuring the structural dimensions of inequality and labour precariousness. The research also addresses how work and the body are re-signified on digital platforms such as Instagram and how these platforms operate as devices that legitimise neoliberal logics.
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creator: Lucía Márquez Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 315
ending page: 326
doi: 10.5209/esmp.107038

English From Message to Vibe: TikTok and Hybrid Political Communication in the 2024 UK Election
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description: The 2024 UK general election has been widely described as the country’s first “TikTok election”, reflecting the platform’s growing role in political campaigning, particularly among younger audiences. This article examines how Labour and the Conservative Party adapted political communication to TikTok’s platform affordances through the use of popular culture, pop culture, and digital vernaculars. Empirically, the article draws on a content analysis of 175 videos posted by both parties between 30 May and 4 July 2024. Analytically, it conceptualises these practices through the lens of cultural vernacularisation and affective orientation, focusing on the hybridisation of symbolic (message-first) and pre-symbolic (vibe-first) communication. The findings show that while both campaigns relied on cultural mediation, Labour more consistently employed humour-driven, transgressive, vibe-oriented formats, whereas Conservative content more often combined cultural framing with explicit claims, warnings, and evaluative judgements. The article argues that TikTok campaigning does not signal the erosion of political meaning, but its reconfiguration through hybrid communicative architectures in which affective orientation and symbolic articulation operate together. More broadly, the study highlights how platform-native campaigning reshapes the conditions under which political communication reaches electorates who are increasingly disengaged from traditional political channels, such as young voters
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creator: Sara García Santamaría
creator: Susan Grantham
creator: Kai Grant
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 297
ending page: 313
doi: 10.5209/esmp.107103

‘We’ve got them dancing, lads’: Culture wars and self-promotion on Vito Quiles’s España Combativa tour
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description: This study examines the España Combativa tour organised by the reactionary activist Vito Quiles at several Spanish universities between October and November 2025. Specifically, it analyses Quiles as a key political influencer within the digital media ecosystem of the Spanish right, given his capacity to generate controversy and antagonism on social media through culture wars. The method used in the research was Grounded Theory, a qualitative approach applied to a study corpus composed of content published across all of Quiles’s social media profiles, podcasts featuring interviews with Quiles, and other content published on social media and in digital news media. The tour is characterised in this paper as a series of pseudo-events operating on two levels: (a) as a self-promotional strategy by Quiles in his capacity as a political agitator and reference point among right-wing youth, generating value for his personal brand before aligned political parties, think tanks and lobbies; and (b) as a propagandistic tactic of public conflict performance centred on exacerbating the perception of antagonism between blocs and producing political polarisation, as it enables the construction of an epic narrative of conflict between ‘decent people’ and the enemies of Spain (Sánchez, the coalition government, the left, and public universities) on social media. The paper advances knowledge on the digital pseudo-event and its use by political influencers for self-promotional and propagandistic purposes.
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creator: Lucía Caro-Castaño
creator: Daniel Barredo Ibáñez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 327
ending page: 340
doi: 10.5209/esmp.107105

Mapping AI uses and perceptions in fact-checking organisations in Mediterranean Europe
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description: This study maps the uses and perceptions of AI among fact-checking organisations accredited by Duke Reporters' Lab, the International Fact-Checking Network, and the European Digital Media Observatory in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. These countries were selected as they are among the most populous territories in the Mediterranean European region and host the majority of fact-checking entities. A qualitative approach is used based on 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews with representatives from each organisation. The interviews were conducted between May and July 2024. The findings reveal that AI tools are primarily employed during the gathering, monitoring, and detection phase, where they help increase speed and expand the scope of disinformation tracking. There is also a growing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) as tools for compiling information and conducting preliminary searches. Generally, organisations interviewed report feeling adequately prepared to use AI, largely due to the accessibility and intuitive design of current tools. Nevertheless, factors such as lack of funding and job precarity, as well as staff composition, affect their implementation, with only seven organisations (36.8%) having developed proprietary tools. Although AI is viewed as a valuable resource for automating repetitive tasks such as transcription, translation, and monitoring, it also raises concerns. Organisations warn that AI could contribute to more sophisticated disinformation and even foster a Liar’s Dividend effect, undermining public trust and the credibility of fact-checkers themselves.
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creator: Roger Cuartielles
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 371
ending page: 383
doi: 10.5209/esmp.107138

An overview of the organizational model and structure of local radio in Catalonia
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description: This research examines the organizational structure and human resources of local radio in Catalonia, including public, private, and community stations, in the context of technological transformation and digitalization of the sector. The main objective is to describe the internal organization of these stations, analyze the evolution of their staff over the last fifteen years, and determine the profile of the people in charge, paying special attention to the gender gap. To this end, a questionnaire was designed for managers of 227 Catalan radio stations, obtaining 155 valid responses (68.3 %). The questionnaire collected information on general data, hired and volunteer staff, programming, financing, organization, and future challenges. The results show that half of the stations have between one and four employees, while 27.1 % have no staff. Only 20.6 % have five or more employees. Volunteering plays a fundamental role: 86.5% of stations have at least five volunteers and 42.6 % have more than twenty, with this dependence being especially high in community stations. 68.4% of stations have not increased their staff in the last fifteen years, especially in public and community stations. Regarding management, 64.5̴ % of managers are men, and women, although better trained, occupy only 32.9 % of management positions, with greater inequality in private and community stations. The study concludes that Catalan local radio stations operate with very limited human resources and a heavy dependence on volunteers, which poses challenges of sustainability and professionalization, in addition to a persistent gender gap in management.
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creator: Elaine Aparecida Lopes-da Silva
creator: Cristina Martorell-Castellano
creator: Carolina Serra-Folch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 429
ending page: 440
doi: 10.5209/esmp.107194

The Walking Concepts: Zombie Categories in Communication Theories
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description: This article offers a critical reflection on the life cycle of concepts in the social sciences and communication theories. It focuses on the figure of the ‘zombie concept,’ understood as an analytical category that, despite having lost its explanatory power, continues to circulate in academic discourse. Drawing on the interventions of scholars such as Ulrich Beck, Elihu Katz, Klaus Krippendorff, Bruno Latour, and Eliseo Verón, the text also examines how certain concepts -from neoliberalism to imperialism- become nominalized forms that simplify the understanding of ongoing processes and operate as single-cause explanations. The problem is not ontological but discursive: the ritualized and uncritical use of many concepts produces theoretical blindness and impoverishes scientific understanding. In response to this drift, the article advocates a reflexive practice aimed at revising, retiring, or revitalizing concepts to reopen debate and renew the vocabulary of the social sciences and communication theories.
subject: Ensayos EMP
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creator: Carlos A. Scolari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 487
ending page: 494
doi: 10.5209/esmp.108638

Presentación monográfico
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description: Presentación monográfico
subject: Monográfico
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creator: Eva Campos Domínguez
creator: Guillermo López García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 237
ending page: 238
doi: 10.5209/esmp.108637

Ageism in the media agenda: journalistic coverage of the "I'm old, not an idiot" campaign
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description: This article examines the media coverage of the citizen campaign “I’m old, not an idiot” (“Soy mayor, no idiota”), led by Carlos San Juan, as a paradigmatic case to analyze the social representations of older adults during a communication crisis, particularly in relation to digital exclusion in the Spanish banking system. Drawing on an interdisciplinary framework that integrates ageism studies, crisis communication, social agency, and framing theory, the study explores how media narratives reproduce, challenge, or transform ageist discourse. The research employs a mixed-method approach with an exploratory and cross-sectional design, combining quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis of 435 journalistic pieces retrieved from the FACTIVA database. Findings reveal predominantly inclusive media coverage, with positive portrayals of older adults as autonomous and empowered actors. However, there is a notable lack of explicit mention of the term “ageism,” pointing to a significant gap between the practical recognition of the issue and its normative identification as a form of discrimination. Furthermore, institutional actors tend to adopt an instrumental approach, favoring technical solutions over rights-based perspectives. The study concludes that the campaign represents a compelling example of civic agency exercised in later life, with the capacity to influence both media and institutional agendas. Nevertheless, challenges remain in achieving the semantic consolidation of ageism as a political, communicative, and legal category.
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creator: Álvaro Vera Gómez
creator: Irene Ramos-Soler
creator: Carmen Carretón-Ballester
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 135
ending page: 147
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104886

Women in sports journalism: perceptions, narratives and professional and training challenges
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description: This article analyzes the perception and role of women in sports journalism from a double perspective: that of professional women journalists and that of social communication students. Using a mixed research approach and a concurrent design, a survey was applied to university students with preferences for the professional practice of sports journalism and a focus group was conducted with three female communicators who are experts in this field of sports media. The objective was to analyze the perceptions of professional women and students of Social Communication about the role they play and the gender barriers they face in the practice of sports journalism, a scenario hegemonically masculinized but which in recent decades has seen significant female professional participation. The findings highlight the generalized perceptions of gender discrimination, historical inequality of job opportunities and stereotypes about the professional competencies of women in the field of sports journalism. Likewise, the results show forms of resistance and empowerment of women professionals, as well as the positive impact of female referents in the new generations in training. This research concludes with recommendations for universities with faculties of Social Communication, for the media and for the design of public policies aimed at promoting and guaranteeing the participation of professional women in journalism with a gender perspective.
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creator: Deybis Zapata Correa
creator: Nicolasa María Durán-Palacio
creator: Juan Esteban Rodríguez Gómez
creator: Néstor Julián Restrepo Echavarría
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 149
ending page: 160
doi: 10.5209/esmp.103572

‘Racism Is Not a Sport’: An Analysis of Media Coverage of the Racial Violence Against Vinícius Júnior in Brazil and Spain
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description: In this article we analyze the coverage given by the two newspapers with the largest circulation in Brazil and Spain to the racial violence against the football player Vinicius Júnior, of Real Madrid FC, during a match held in Valencia. To do so, we worked with a sample of news units drawn up from a search of the digital editions of the selected newspapers in the week following the event, which occurred on 21/05/2023. We analyzed, from a narrative and editorial point of view, 64 publications from Brazil (41 from Folha de São Paulo; 23 from O Globo) and 81 from Spain (42 from El País; 39 from El Mundo). Considering the institutional limitations and professional practices of the journalistic field, we ask whether it is possible to produce anti-racist journalism in the mass press, in cases such as these, and if so, under what circumstances. The analysis reveals that the fact that Vinicius was a public figure and that his reactions mobilized political, sporting, and artistic leaders increased journalistic interest in the event, keeping the issue on the agenda for longer, which may contribute to the recognition of the problem. On the other hand, the episodic treatment given to the event repeats the pattern of other coverage, restricting the debate on racism to the sporting or personal sphere and denying its structural character. We ended the work with a reflection on the impact of racism as a structural reality, and the importance of seeking redress as a way of combating it through political anti-racism.
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creator: Carla Baiense Felix
creator: Antonia Olmos Alcáraz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 161
ending page: 173
doi: 10.5209/esmp.103696

The perspective of journalism students towards Palestinian short narrative films: Evidence from a survey across Palestinian universities
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description: Palestinian short narrative films epitomize the political, social, and cultural life of Palestinians. Beyond their artistic value, the films are pedagogical tools that shape students' learning and critical understanding. This study investigated the attitudes of journalism students toward Palestinian short narrative films in terms of viewing habits, motives, perceived content, and educational effect. The study is a cross-sectional survey carried out among 360 undergraduate journalism students from eight Palestinian universities during the period between June and December 2023. Of 384 students invited, 360 responded (93.7%). Most (78%) of the respondents do not watch Palestinian short films regularly, though 67.7% view them via satellite TV and 45% online. The dominant motives were educational and cultural, as 75.9% reported an increase in self-understanding and reflection on their identity, and 73.3% had an enhanced empathy with national issues. Political themes came first (74.1%), followed by historical themes (65.1%), and then social themes (61.9%). While 46.6% reported the technical quality as weak and the performance amateurish, 74.9% became more interested in the method of production, and 66.1% developed enhanced critical analysis skills. Generally, Palestinian short films can boost journalism students’ cultural identity, media literacy, and technical skills, especially when better produced and integrated into coursework.
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creator: Abdallah Musleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 109
ending page: 121
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104151

Keys to conceptualizing the television morning show from a systematic literature review
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description: This paper analyzes the television morning show as a research object within media studies. Despite their relevance in news consumption and popular culture, the academic study of these shows has been limited. The objective of this work is to advance the construction of a conceptual definition of the morning show, based on a review of the specialized academic literature that, to date, has addressed it as an object of study. Following the Prisma protocol, a search was conducted in databases such as WOS, Scopus, Scielo, Latindex, Dialnet, Redalyc, and Google Scholar, considering the period from 2010 to 2024, to assemble a sample of 23 scientific articles that include the morning television show as a part of their research. The findings reveal that most of the studies originate primarily in Spain and, secondarily, in Latin America. The review confirms that, although morning shows have attracted research interest from perspectives such as political economy, journalism studies, political communication, media discourse, and audience reception, they are rarely treated as a primay object of study, despite the significant impact of this television format on the public sphere. As a part of the results, we propose a definition of a television morning show in conceptual terms, considering some of its specific characteristics, such as its schedulign and duration, its magazine format that blends different content and genres, its adaptation to contingencies, the role of its hosts, and the social function of this television space.
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creator: Daniela Lazcano
creator: Loreto Montero-Muñoz
creator: Lorena Antezana
creator: Paula Reyes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 65
ending page: 77
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104157

YouTube debates on nuclear energy as ‘green’: mapping actors, interactions, and arguments
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description: This study investigates how YouTube videos represent and discuss the European Commission's decision to classify nuclear energy as 'green.' It aims to identify the main actors involved, examine their positions, and explore the key themes and arguments they use. The study employed a combination of content analysis to identify the actors and their stances, network analysis to map the interactions and connections between them, and discourse analysis to explore the themes and arguments presented on 92 YouTube videos. Findings reveal seven main and three secondary actors, with some secondary actors lacking significant connections to the main ones. Professionals, organizations, and news media were the most active and influential participants, forming closely connections with others. The actors expressed a range of positions (positive, negative, and neutral) toward nuclear energy, leading to a variety of interactions based on these perspectives. The discourse across the videos was dominated by nine major themes. Positive arguments focused on the advantages of nuclear power and shortcomings of alternatives, whereas negative arguments promoted renewables and emphasized the risks of nuclear energy. Neutral positions acknowledged both benefits and drawbacks. This study calls for stronger collaboration between media professionals, scientists, and academic institutions to create credible and constructive narratives that accurately reflect the complexities of nuclear energy and its role in the energy transition.
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creator: Riasat Muhammad Amir
creator: Ileana Lis Zeler
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 95
ending page: 108
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104188

Artificial intelligence in the public debate: risk amplifiers and mitigators in media discourse
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description: This study examines the discourse surrounding the risks of artificial intelligence (AI) in Spanish digital media during the first year after the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022. Adopting a qualitative approach rooted in discourse analysis and communication studies, it identifies types of risks and key voices shaping the public debate. The analysis is based on 2705 journalistic texts collected from six Spanish newspapers between December 2022 and November 2023. A total of 878 statements regarding specific risks were identified and used to create a taxonomy consisting of seven risk categories and six distinct groups of voices. The findings indicate that the most widely covered risks in the media are ‘risks to civilisation and humanity’ and ‘risks to individuals’. Meanwhile, the three most prominent groups of voices in the debate are journalists and media outlets, government officials and regulators, and representatives from the business sector. A year-long analysis of the evolution of risk discourse reveals changes in how AI-related risks are portrayed and shifts in the social actors participating in the public media debate. The study also highlights the perception that some representatives from tech companies may be promoting AI-related risks for self-serving purposes. These strategies appear aimed at emphasising long-term, existential risks in order to divert attention from the immediate, tangible risks already present, impeding further regulation that could curb the growth of AI. Furthermore, by portraying AI as an abstract, uncontrollable force, they dilute the sense of human responsibility for its development and regulation. At the same time, other voices are emerging in the public debate that downplay these risks and seek to discredit those warning of their potential consequences.
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creator: Berta García-Orosa
creator: Cristian Augusto González-Arias
creator: Tania Forja-Pena
creator: Beatriz Gutiérrez-Caneda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104293

Cyberjournalism in local media: a distant proximity in an untapped cyberspace
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description: In Portugal, local and regional media play an important role in territorial cohesion and affirming community identity. However, these media outlets face a double challenge: a scarcity of resources and the urgency of adapting to the digital world. This exploratory study addresses this reality, focusing on the districts of Bragança, Vila Real, and Viseu, regions that belong to the so-called "news deserts." Therefore, through a quantitative and systematic content analysis, we seek to understand how local and regional media outlets, with an online presence and duly registered with the ERC (Regulatory Authority for Social Communication), are harnessing the potential of digital journalism. Our results revealed limited digital activity, marked by sporadic publications, with little thematic diversity, and a timid use of multimedia resources. We found that interactivity with readers is practically nonexistent, which contradicts the community bond that would be expected from these organizations. In these cases, local journalism is lost in a distant practice, more focused on the newsroom than on the territory. Thus, this research highlights the urgent need to rethink the production models and digital presence of Portuguese local media, so that local journalism once again becomes a practice, rather than a promise.
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creator: Filipe Ribeiro
creator: João Pedro Baptista
creator: Miguel Midões
creator: Ricardo Domínguez-García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 79
ending page: 93
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104294

Presidential elections in Colombia 2022 in the international media: the Francia Márquez phenomenon and its impact on the news construction of the campaign
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description: In 2022 Colombia elected a leftist president for the first time in history. The campaign was marked by the presence of candidates and speeches that were relatively different from the country's political tradition. This attracted the attention of the international media that put their eyes on the electoral process providing a look that contrasted with that of the national media and the digital conversation of the campaign. Within the framework of the Democracy Observatory of the Electoral Observation Mission, international media were monitored to analyze the construction of the thematic agenda, the informative biases, and the construction of the political image of the international digital media in the social network Facebook and its news portals. A corpus of 274 Facebook posts and the news developed on the web pages of eleven international media in the period from February 12, one month before the first round of elections, and May 29, the day of the second round, were analyzed. A thematic agenda with a positive bias for most of the candidates and a strong and interesting predominance of Gustavo Petro's pre-candidate and later vice-presidential candidate, Francia Márquez, was identified. This allows inferring the interest of these media in the racial and gender perspective, as novel aspects that mark differences with the national coverage characterized by a negative and critical view of these aspects, and a digital conversation marked by scandals, racist messages, and stigmatization of Márquez.
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creator: Juan David Cárdenas
creator: Danghelly Giovanna Zúñiga Reyes
creator: Javier Augusto Ferreira Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 51
ending page: 63
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104301

Narrative journalism, migration and gender: non-fiction literature as a tool for social denunciation. Comparative study of Residence Permit and Visceral, by Maria Fernanda Ampuero
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description: This article delves into the works of Ecuadorian author María Fernanda Ampuero, focusing on her books, Permiso de residencia (2013) and Visceral (2024). The main objective is to conduct a comparative study, analyzing the evolution of her methodology and the thematic coherence across her writing. The study centers on how Ampuero addresses the migrant experience through hybrid literary genres like the chronicle and the autobiographical essay. It also explores her use of a gender perspective as a key analytical tool. The research examines recurring themes such as the construction of migrant identity, the denunciation of xenophobia, patriarchal violence, and neocolonialism. It also highlights the differences in her narrative approaches and linguistic styles, noting the maturity and intensification of her discourse in her more recent work. The methodology is based on an interpretative and hermeneutic reading, which allows for a deeper understanding of the layers of meaning. The study draws on theoretical frameworks concerning the chronicle as a tool for social denunciation and historical memory, and applies concepts from feminist and intersectional theory. This research demonstrates Ampuero’s commitment to making the experiences of vulnerable groups, especially women, visible by giving a voice to the oppressions they face. It concludes that Ampuero's work is a crucial point of reference for Latin American narrative journalism. Her writing offers a profound, critical, and empathetic perspective on contemporary sociopolitical issues, cementing her as an essential voice for understanding the complexities of migration and systemic oppression from a feminist viewpoint.
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creator: Andrés Puerta
creator: Javier Juárez Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 39
ending page: 49
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104837

Streaming Ads: comparative analysis of Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ y HBO Max in Spain
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description: This study analyses how the main streaming platforms in Spain (Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ and HBO Max) integrate advertising into their subscription plans. Through a quantitative analysis applied to 920 commercials and 536 series episodes, the advertising insertion strategies, the most prominent brands and the segmentation by gender, device and viewing type (binge watching or daily viewing) are identified. The results show that Prime Video is the platform with the highest advertising presence, although Netflix stands out for its personalisation, even using geolocation. HBO Max stands out by offering exclusively self-promotions, while Disney+ presents a hybrid model. Women's beauty products and supermarkets lead the most advertised categories, especially targeting female audiences. The study also examines the user experience, highlighting how the mid-roll advertising format, common on all platforms (except HBO Max), interrupts the narrative of the content, especially on Netflix. Likewise, there is a higher advertising load during binge watching on Prime Video, unlike Disney+, which reduces ads in this type of consumption. In conclusion, OTT platforms replicate the traditional television advertising model, adapting it to a more segmented digital environment. This study offers findings and opens up future lines of research on advertising perception and content personalisation.
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creator: José Antonio Cortés-Quesada
creator: Ainhoa García-Rivero
creator: Beatriz Feijóo
creator: Erika Fernández Gómez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 175
ending page: 187
doi: 10.5209/esmp.104856