Derecom. Derecho de la Comunicación y de Nuevas Tecnologías

“Creating” an audit to check the ethics of Artificial Intelligence

2025-06-19T11:50:47+00:00

In this paper we focus on creating an audit to verify the ethics in artificial intelligence (AI) as it turns out to be the third pillar of AI alongside legal and technical issues. Precisely because of the importance of auditing the ethics behind AI decisions, the author uses ChatGPT to propose an ethical audit based initially on addressing eight essential questions, namely: How is it ensured that the data used to train the AI is free from discriminatory biases?; What mechanisms are in place for users affected by AI decisions to appeal biased decisions?; What measures are implemented to prevent models from generating offensive or harmful content?; How is the use of AI managed to prevent its abuse in creating deepfakes or manipulating images and videos?; How is it ensured that the data used to train the AI complies with data protection regulations such as GDPR?; How is the environmental impact of training AI models managed?; What measures are implemented to ensure that AI is not used for malicious purposes?; What measures are taken to protect minors from exposure to AI that may negatively influence their development? The goal of the paper is to lay the foundations for an AI ethics audit, ensuring that ethics is integrated into the DNA of any designed AI.

Practical summary of the Artificial Intelligence Regulation: 5 Key Points for 2025

2025-06-19T11:50:45+00:00

In this article, an analysis of five essential aspects of the Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AIR) for 2025 is provided. Firstly, the RIA's objective of promoting a human-centered and reliable AI is highlighted. Secondly, it is noted that the regulation's scope goes beyond AI creators, including all operators and those responsible for its implementation. The third point addresses the importance of clear definitions to ensure compliance with the RIA. Fourthly, it is emphasized that certain AI practices are explicitly prohibited to prevent harm and discrimination. The fifth key aspect is the need for information and transparency, as these are essential and non-negotiable elements according to the AIR. Additionally, in the paper we mention key dates for the regulation's implementation, and we provide a brief reference to the infractions and sanctions foreseen. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the true key of the AIR is to ensure a human-centered AI, prioritizing ethics and the protection of human rights.

Artificial Intelligence in educational contexts: ethical uses of information and digital literacy

2025-06-19T11:50:54+00:00

The proliferation of digital technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), has transformed the way we access, process and share information. However, this mutation has also intensified problems such as misinformation, difficulties in verifying information and possible unethical uses of AI, especially in educational and academic research contexts, as well as the danger of diminishing students' linguistic expression capabilities and their independent thinking. In this paper we explore how these dynamics affect education, the challenges that students and teachers must overcome, and strategies to mitigate these risks, highlighting digital literacy.

Word Crimes: an approach to forensic linguistics in digital discourse

2025-06-19T11:50:52+00:00

Where does the joke or discourtesy end and the crime begins? The advent of digitalization and globalization have given power and spaces for expression to each individual and group voice. However, mass communication shows cracks and imbalances in the use of that freedom, which is also a right: the word is often used without being aware of its legal implications. Although it is an advance that we can all express ourselves freely in any forum or network, the truth is that the effect of inadequate intervention is not sufficiently known, especially among the younger generations. For example, in the face of threats, hate speech, false accusations, insults, slander, falsehood, offense, libel, defamation, do we know their social scope (Fairclough, 1995) and their corresponding penalties? The aim of this paper is to review the current relationship between laws and the uses that proliferate in digital media. After collecting statistical data and studying cases, it is deduced that it is urgent to inform about the risks and the typified crimes, to teach and promote good practices and ethical alternatives, in addition to promoting channels to preserve a free expression exercised as a conscious right and free of criminal risks. In this sense, studies of linguistic awareness (Van Lier, 1996) and linguistic sensitivity (Silvestre & Pardo, 2024) come to fill this niche.

FIMI analysis of disinformation in the 2023 Spanish elections: objectives, channels and narratives to damage confidence in the electoral system

2025-06-19T11:50:55+00:00

Contemporary electoral processes take place in a completely digitized information ecosystem, through social media platforms and algorithmic tools that have put an end to the editorial intermediation of legacy media. In a scenario where regulation is still emergent, and where institutions are progressively adapting to technological transformation, the electoral system is highly vulnerable to manipulative narratives and disinformation flooding the public debate. In order to gather evidence of information disorders in an electoral context, the Observatorio Complutense de Desinformación developed a methodology, adapted from the European External Action Service’s FIMI taxonomy, and applied it in election observation missions in 14 countries. This particular study shows the results of that observation in the Spanish elections of 2023, where the goal of delegitimizing certain aspects of the electoral process was identified, using Whatsapp as the main distribution channel. The reactions and measures against electoral hoaxes were strong from civil society, but response from social media platforms and state institutions should be improved. In the discussion, this paper first analyzes what was observed, to then offer recommendations to improve the response capacity of all the actors of the democratic system, who, in the face of a multifaceted threat such as disinformation, must act in collaboration.

The Metamorphosis of Truth: Deepfakes and the challenge of authenticity in digital society

2025-06-19T11:50:51+00:00

Embedded in the current technological revolution, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deepfakes have emerged as powerful tools, not only facilitating the creation of content but also having the potential to distort reality like never before. Deepfakes, which combine advanced deep learning techniques with the ability to generate fake images, videos, and audio, can pose a significant threat to the veracity of information as well as the fundamental rights of individuals. This article aims to provide a deep understanding of how deepfakes are redefining the information landscape. Through a comprehensive literature review, the concept of deepfake and the underlying technologies, their social and ethical impact, and potential detection and mitigation measures will be examined. Ultimately, their legal implications will be discussed, and recent statistics and examples illustrating the magnitude of this phenomenon will be presented. Among the main conclusions drawn from the review conducted in this article, the importance of addressing the challenges posed by deepfakes from multiple fronts, including technology, legislation, and education, to protect the integrity of information in the digital age is highlighted.

Addressing legal disinformation: What the right to self-determination is and how it applies to Catalonia

2025-06-19T11:50:49+00:00

The deep polarization that Spanish society is experiencing around the Catalan issue makes it urgent and necessary to put an end to the conceptual confusion surrounding the expression "right to self-determination." The conflation of self-determination with secession has generated a public debate marked by misinformation and, in many cases, the manipulation of legal language. This article aims to contribute to a democratic debate grounded in rigorous information rather than in the distortion—intentional or not—of key legal terms. Using a methodological triangulation that includes a literature review, in-depth interviews with experts, and a survey of international law specialists, the article analyses the roots of legal misinformation about self-determination and its impact on political and media discourse. The results show that the lack of conceptual clarity hinders informed decision-making and reinforces ideological confrontation. The article argues for the need to clarify the legal meaning of self-determination within the Spanish constitutional framework and international law, to ensure that positions for or against Catalan independence are expressed based on knowledge, not on misinterpretations or biased narratives. In this sense, the article highlights the role of Law as a tool to strengthen democratic quality and prevent social polarization from feeding on falsehoods or legal oversimplifications.

Artificial Intelligence from a critical perspective: Generative AI as a tool for information and knowledge transmission

2025-06-19T11:50:50+00:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has complemented human tasks by being a tool that speeds up data processing and provides information in an effective way, reducing the response times of computer systems. The generative capability of AI is part of technological evolution and brings about a change in the relationship between humans and AI. Generative AI has been presented as a mechanism to promote the democratization and diversity of AI through a process of learning from interaction with users, which implies a constant improvement of its capabilities. From these characteristics of generative AI, arises a question about the models of sociological references, cultural diversity and human rights that have been implemented or not in the main open-access AI platforms. To develop this research, the responses of the main AI-based chatbot platforms on issues related to other cultures, non-traditional knowledge, worldviews and non-Western ways of life are analyzed, approaching this topic from a critical, social and human perspective.

As a result, generative AI does not recognize members of society who do not have the resources or time to be part of the AI learning process. As a consequence, the sources of information are reduced, those who do not participate in the technological advances are made invisible and gaps are established into more inequalities in society.

Artificial Intelligence and female-focused advertising. Dove: A case study

2025-06-19T11:50:48+00:00

This paper critically examines the evolving landscape of advertising by contrasting classical scholarship with emerging trends, particularly the role of artificial intelligence in reshaping women's self-perception and self-esteem through media and social networks. Through a comparative analysis, three key spheres emerge: aesthetic, legal, and ethical. The aesthetic sphere reveals a paradigm shift in beauty standards, driven by hyper-real imagery and the relentless promotion of products promising self-enhancement. The legal sphere interrogates the fine line between advertising and deception, exposing how beauty-centric marketing perpetuates the illusion that happiness is attainable through appearance alone. The ethical sphere highlights the troubling dichotomy of adultification and infantilization, both of which fuel an unrealistic, unattainable beauty ideal that disproportionately impacts women and girls. Findings from this analysis, including the Dove case study, underscore how deep-rooted prejudices, stigmas, and stereotypes persist despite diversity and inclusion initiatives. While artificial intelligence appears to neutralize these biases on the surface, it ultimately reinforces them, prioritizing aesthetic appeal over authentic self-worth. This phenomenon aligns with a broader culture of utilitarian hedonism, where self-esteem is commodified, and beauty remains a powerful yet elusive currency.

Introducción

2025-04-23T08:59:52+00:00

El ascenso de los Agentes de IA: integrando IA, tecnologías blockchain y computación cuántica. Petar Radanliev, 487 páginas. 1ª edición, 2025, Addison-Wesley

2025-04-23T08:56:42+00:00

The book published by Addison/Wesley, explores the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain technology and quantum computing, analyzing how these technologies enhance each other and their impact on the future. The author details the evolution of AI towards autonomous agents, the role of blockchain in creating decentralized and secure systems, and the power of quantum computing to solve complex problems The need to address security and ethics challenges is underlined, especially given the risk of quantum computing breaking current encryption systems. At the same time, it highlights the importance of the transformative potential of these technologies in various sectors.

Nexus. Una breve historia de las redes de información desde la Edad de Piedra hasta la IA. Yuval Noah Harari, 602 páginas. 2024, Debate

2025-06-19T11:50:43+00:00

With a style accessible to all audiences, Nexus proposes a broad reflection on the challenges brought by artificial intelligence, one of the most profound disruptions in the history of humanity, perhaps above the birth of agriculture, the origin of civilizations or the invention of writing.