Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación
Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación (ISSN-e 1576-4737) aims at making knowledge about communication accessible in Spanish and English, from the viewpoint of linguistic theory applied to real usage. Its four issues per year (February, May, September, November) include articles and reviews.
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Resources used by Translation students to search for information on collocations
The documentation phase, which includes the search for phraseological information, is an essential stage in the translation process. Developments in recent years have led to a change in translators’ consultation habits. If in the past translators relied almost exclusively on dictionaries to carry out their work, nowadays we have platforms which, without being conceived as lexicographical or terminological resources, function as such. We are referring in particular to the rise of automatic translation programmes and virtual platforms such as Linguee. Thus, learning the resources that Translation students use to obtain collocational information is essential to improve the efficiency of consultation and to guarantee quality translations. In this regard, this research examined the resources that 217 undergraduate and Master's Translation students used to obtain collocational information and identified significant differences between students from the different years. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data. The results showed that search engines such as Google, web services (e.g. Linguee) or machine translation programmes (e.g. DeepL) were used much more frequently by students than dictionaries or corpus analysis tools (e.g. Sketch Engine) to search for collocational information. This study therefore highlights the urgent need to include training in machine translation and post-editing in Translation studies.
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Acquisition and Preference in the Usage of Verbal Aspect in Russian as a Foreign Language by Spanish L1 Learners
This study delves into the errors and usage preferences related to the verbal aspect in Russian among 51 Spanish L1 learners who are studying Russian as a foreign language at a B1/B2 proficiency level. Responses to a questionnaire designed specifically for this research and openly accessible, focusing on distinguishing and identifying usages and meanings of the verbal aspect in Russian, were collected over three academic years (2021-2024) within the same course in the Degree in Translation and Interpreting at the University of Granada. Techniques of data mining, clustering, and univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were used for the treatment and analysis of data. Results show some trends in the comprehension and usage of the verbal aspect in Russian as a foreign language among the analyzed population of learners with L1 Spanish. Notably, the study reveals the challenges associated with acquiring new usages or rules that learners have not encountered in the initial stages of learning Russian as a foreign language or that, in some way, seem to contradict or not align well with the rules and associations formed in those early learning stages. Furthermore, while no statistically significant difference was found regarding the preference for imperfective-perfective usage, certain trends were observed in specific grammatical, lexical, or pragmatic categories and contexts. The findings highlight the difficulties faced by learners with L1 Spanish studying Russian as a foreign language in comprehending, identifying, and discriminating between the meanings and usages of the verbal aspect. This study suggests the need for further data-based research in the tense-aspect acquisition in Russian as a Foreign Language to optimize the organization and design of materials, task sequencing and planning, and, consequently, the development of effective pedagogical interventions.
Subordinate argument constituents in the referential phrase: an approach to apposition in english from the FL_CXG
This paper approaches the analysis of complex reference phrases in English from the point of view of the Formalized Lexical Constructional Grammar, providing a proposal to formalize their appositive constituents containing a subordinate structure. Following the parallelism between clauses and complex reference phrases in terms of subordinate constituents, we will firstly apply the relationship between juncture and nexus developed in Role and Reference Grammar to analyse the behaviour of complex structures, since their description can be integrated in a signature of formalized features, and secondly we will integrate the description of operators and constituents in the formalization of these phrases in terms of features structures or Attribute-Value Matrixes.
Representations of Blackness in the Colombian Press: An Intersectional Corpus-Based Study
On August 7, 2022, Afro-descendant activist and politician Francia Márquez assumes the position of Vice President of Colombia. This event triggers a new proliferation of discourses on Blackness in the Colombian press and the Colombian public sphere in general. However, the notion of Blackness as a discursive construction in Colombia is complex and often ambiguous due to the term's genealogy in Latin America, particularly in Colombia, and the changing nature of each discourse (Wodak 2008: 6). Our study analyzes and describes the main discursive patterns through which Blackness is constructed and represented in a selection of Colombian journalistic texts to achieve a critical assessment of certain recurring interpretative repertoires (Potter and Wetherell 1987) that may contribute to the diffusion of hegemonic ideologies. To do this, we designed a corpus of Colombian journalistic articles from both mainstream and popular sources in a time frame shortly before and after the 2022 presidential elections. By reconstructing different discursive strategies around keywords such as Negritud, negro, or afrodescendiente, we aim to reveal the dominant narratives surrounding them as well as their main social actors. Among them, the category woman (mujer) stands out in the corpus, leading us to understand that, for a description of representations of Blackness in the corpus discourses, it is necessary to analyze the identified categories from an intersectional perspective.
Analysis of the linguistic mechanisms of euphemism in Chinese
The richness and complexity of the Chinese language are notably manifested in its ability to employ euphemisms as forms of linguistic attenuation. Throughout its extensive history and in contemporary dynamics, Chinese has developed a sophisticated range of euphemistic expressions that go beyond merely softening discourse. These mechanisms, spanning from phonetic, morphological, and semantic resources to lexical subtleties, play a crucial role in communication, reflecting historical influences and adapting to the complexities of modern social interactions. In this analysis, a thorough systematic exploration is carried out on how linguistic euphemisms are formulated in the Chinese language, emphasizing how resources such as phonetics, morphology, semantics, and lexicon contribute to the creation of these euphemisms. Furthermore, it is underscored that these linguistic resources not only constitute a softened expression but also serve as an essential link to cultural identity and the intricacies of Chinese society.
Colloquialization of Spanish through a Microdiachronic Analysis of Political Discourse in the 1993 and 2020 Investiture Sessions
The obtained results reveal the systematic presence of colloquializing elements in the analyzed parliamentary interventions, indicating either an adaptation of political language to a style closer to everyday speech, or the unintentional intrusion of the studied colloquial elements. In any case, this colloquialization has significant implications in the way political discourse is constructed and understood, as well as in the relationship between politicians and the citizenry. The obtained results reveal the systematic presence of colloquializing elements in the analyzed parliamentary interventions, indicating either an adaptation of political language to a style closer to everyday speech, or the unintentional intrusion of the studied colloquial elements. In any case, this colloquialization has significant implications in the way political discourse is constructed and understood, as well as in the relationship between politicians and the citizenry.
The phonological properties of Spanish irreversible binomials
Based on a detailed analysis of the 350 irreversible binomials in Spanish listed in Almela Pérez (2006), this article reviews the phonological properties that characterize these coordinated structures in this language, which is unprecedented research to date. The article focuses on the prosodic, metric, rhythmic, and phonotactic characteristics of these types of binomials. It proves relevant not only due to the scarcity of works focused on this topic in Spanish but also because the structural distributions observed in binomials, undetectable in other areas, shed light on the role of each of the factors cited as carriers of prosodic weight (for example, the number of syllables or the complexity of syllable onsets) within Spanish phonology.
The norm of the Spanish language through the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: analysis of the novelties in the second edition (2023)
The main aim of this study is to analyse the normative discourse of the Spanish Academy as expressed in the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, as it is the work that contains the most up-to-date considerations on the on the Spanish standard, as it has recently renewed part of its contents (March 2023). The objective is also to check whether this discourse has changed by analysing some of the new features included in the second version of the dictionary and to investigate the criteria that support the decisions taken regarding the correctness or incorrectness of certain variants of the same linguistic phenomenon.
The indicators that construct discourse coherence in monologic speech in children: A psycholinguistic study from the Representational Theory of Segmented Discourse
SDRT is a dynamic semantic-pragmatic theory which includes among its fundamental concepts the rhetorical relations. Moreover, in this theory, connectors and anaphoric resolution explicitly play an important role. Implicitly, The working memory is referred to because it is a dynamic theory and therefore requires updating, expanding and/or correcting what has been said. According to SDRT, discourse construction is carried out according to an axiomatic principle: the Maximum of Discursive Coherence (MCD). This principle guides the construction of the textual hierarchy (the rhetorical relations established), the anaphoric resolution, the type of connectors used and the updating of the discourse. Despite its importance, the truth is that, to date, its plausibility has not been demonstrated. In this paper, based on a child population, which should apply this principle innately or, at least, uneducated, a structural equation model (SEM) has been carried out in order to confirm the credibility of the SDRT.
Positive Mock Impoliteness in Chilean LGBTIQ+ Palabreo
The palabreo is a conversational structure that constitutes a linguistic practice and style of the LGBTIQA+ community in Chile and is part of the identity devices of the collective. In this research, we analyze conversations between drag queens of the Chilean reality show 'Amigas y Rivales' (‘Friends and Foes’) from the season 'Las estrellas también se caen' (Stars Also Fall Down) broadcasted during 2013 and 2014 through the YouTube platform in order to determine the pragmatic mechanisms of non-genuine positive impoliteness in the interaction. To this end, Leech's positive politeness maxims were used as a conceptual framework. In the analysis, multiple violations of the maxims were observed as a pragmatic axis in the palabreo situations examined, with a primary function of entertainment and reinforcement of group solidarity. The responses to the Face Threatening Acts are varied, which depends on the situated nature of the conversation, however, these, together with another series of guarantees, confirm the non-authentic character of impoliteness.
Researching sex-related anglicisms in the Spanish digital press: uses and functions
Anglicism is one of the linguistic resources of taboo naming. Spanish people turn to English borrowings to talk about a wide range of sex-related topics, like sexual practices, homosexuality, prostitution or pornography, to name a few. As the presence of anglicised forms in discourse is not at random, it is the purpose of this article to gain an insight into the role that pure or non-adapted anglicisms perform in the Spanish digital press and, in this way, reveal their expressive and axiological values. The research methodology followed corresponds to the adoption of a “bottom-up” approach: first, linguistic data are collected; second, that data are classified, interpreted and documented in context; and third, some conclusions are reached from the analysis. The research carried out demonstrates that the pure anglicisms used to designate sex-related concepts, including the metaphorical ones, fulfil referential, textual and expressive functions: not only do they provide a concise and neutral alternative to the topic, but they also perform different X-phemistic functions, ranging from attenuation to offence, provocation or group identity.
#ILookLikeASurgeon: stance and engagement on Twitter/X for identity construction and community building
The hashtag #ILookLikeASurgeon, introduced in August 2015, is still being used to highlight diversity in surgery, challenge stereotypes and fight discrimination. Adopting a multimodal approach, this study analyzes a corpus of 150 tweets with the hashtag #ILookLikeASurgeon, in order to explore the role played by stance and engagement devices in (collective) identity construction and community building. The analysis reveals that a variety of stance and engagement resources are used to project a more inclusive identity of medical professionals (especially surgeons), build solidarity and create a sense of community. Stance and engagement are expressed in these tweets by linguistic resources (e.g. personal pronouns, directives), but also by other resources afforded by the digital medium (e.g. images, emoji, hashtags). The images posted by female surgeon, in particular, play a crucial role in constructing identity and community. The study shows how the semiotic resources analyzed are orchestrated strategically in these tweets to challenge gender stereotypes in surgery and fight gender bias.
Lengua e imagen en la comunicación digital. Agnese Sampietro. Madrid: Arco/Libros, S. L., 2023. ISBN: 978-84-7133-887-7, 96 páginas.Elia Puertas Ribés
Foundations for the Critical, Hypertextual, and Digital Edition of the DRAE 1884 (12th edition)
This contribution is presented as a programmatic article to explain the coordinated project “Model for a Digital and Hypertextual Edition of the DRAE 1884”, whose purpose is to create a digital edition of the dictionary of the Academia published in 1884, applying the principles and methodology of critical editing within the technological framework of digital humanities.
The new organization of the 1884 DRAE macrostructure: homographs
One of the most significant innovations in the twelfth edition of the Real Academia Española dictionary is the separation of what were considered “voces unívocas ú homónimas” (Reglas 1870) into independent entries. This restructuring of the lemma list represents a major change both from a lexicographic and a lexicological point of view. Not only did it alter the lexicographic techniques applied in the dictionary, but it also required a detailed linguistic analysis of the words that were to be established as independent entries. The aim of this study is twofold: firstly, to analyze the lexicographic treatment of homograph entries in this dictionary edition, considering both their characterization and the criteria used for their separation within the lemma list. Secondly, to describe the methodology applied in the digital edition of the 1884 DRAE.
The labelling of grammatical abbreviations in the digital edition of the DRAE 1884
This paper describes the methodology applied in the task of classifying and labelling the grammatical marks used in the digital edition of the DRAE 1884. The methodological objective is twofold: the aim is to facilitate the search by grammatical categories for users by means of an interface with easily recognisable categories; on the other hand, the original information included in the nineteenth-century dictionary must not be altered in order to do so. In the edition, therefore, all grammatical abbreviations have been grouped according to their higher grammatical category, i.e. adjective, adverb, article, conjunction, interjection, proper noun, participle, prefix, preposition, pronoun, noun and verb. In addition, the category “complex forms” has been created, which includes all pluriverbal forms. Under each of these categories, all words can be retrieved according to the abbreviation found in the corresponding lexicographical articles. In addition, the paper proposes possible lines of further research and starts with the analysis of some metalexicographic inconsistencies in the use of grammatical abbreviations
The twelfth edition of the Diccionario de la lengua castellana, published in 1884, represents a milestone in the series of lexicographical works by the Real Academia Española. It was the result of an exhaustive review of the technique used, introducing changes that were maintained in subsequent editions. These innovations affected key aspects of the dictionary’s microstructure and redefined the architecture of the lexicographical article. This paper examines the transformations that took place in fundamental aspects: typographical conventions, the use of abbreviations, the adoption of more precise and uniform definition procedures, and the segmentation and order of meanings. This analysis provides an understanding of how the DRAE 1884 consolidated an article model that established a new way of organising information and presenting it according to the principles of modern lexicography, with the aim of achieving clarity, conciseness and uniformity
The twelfth edition of the Diccionario de la lengua castellana, published in 1884, represents a milestone in the series of lexicographical works by the Real Academia Española. It was the result of an exhaustive review of the technique used, introducing changes that were maintained in subsequent editions. These innovations affected key aspects of the dictionary’s microstructure and redefined the architecture of the lexicographical article. This paper examines the transformations that took place in fundamental aspects: typographical conventions, the use of abbreviations, the adoption of more precise and uniform definition procedures, and the segmentation and order of meanings. This analysis provides an understanding of how the DRAE 1884 consolidated an article model that established a new way of organising information and presenting it according to the principles of modern lexicography, with the aim of achieving clarity, conciseness and uniformity.
Intrahistory of the configuration of grammatical discourse in the DRAE 1884
The aim of this paper is to study the process followed in the formulation of the grammatical discourse of the Royal Spanish Academy in the second half of the nineteenth century in order to be able to analyse its configuration in the twelfth edition of the DRAE 1884. To this end, in addition to taking into account the text of the successive editions of this work and of the grammatical treatises published by the corporation in the second part of the century, we will focus on documentation of important epihistoriographical value that provides reliable information on the working method, sources, doctrinal positioning of academics within the framework of the internal reflections of the institution or their contribution to the reform of the Dictionary in the grammatical scope.
The Hispano-American Lexicographic Movement of the Nineteenth Century and the Creation of the Corresponding Academies
El presente estudio tiene por objeto relacionar la creación de las academias correspondientes de la Real Academia Española durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX con el progreso que desde varias décadas atrás se venía desarrollando en los estudios léxicos sobre la lengua española. En otras palabras, se pretende invertir el orden de los términos comprendiendo que la creación de las academias correspondientes fue el resultado de intereses de estudio lexicográficos y no que la fundación de estas corporaciones fuera la que motivó el auge de la disciplina para elaborar diccionarios sobre el español americano
Nineteenth-century forms of lexicographical representation: the DRAE 1884 and the Diccionario de peruanismos. Ensayo filológico (1883), by Juan de Arona
Within the framework of the project Modelo de una edición digital e hipertextual del DRAE 1884. La presencia de América en el diccionario, we compare the lexicographical practice of the DRAE 1884 with the Diccionario de peruanismos. Ensayo filológico (1883) by Juan de Arona, analysing examples of the letter A. We focus on the organisation of lexicographical articles, inspired to some extent by Wiegand’s Theory of dictionary form, from which we take the conceptions of textual condensation and hierarchical microstructure. This analysis allows us to revalidate the lexicographical concept of each work and contribute to the study of the history of lexicographical practice in the Spanish language.
Book Review of Humour in Self-Translation
Genre literacy transfer from the business to the social entrepreneurial pitch: A proposal for macrostructure and rhetorical strategies
The generic characteristics of the entrepreneurial pitch (i.e., a short persuasive oral presentation to garner funding from investors) have been the focus of considerable interest in business communication studies for some decades now. Its condensed persuasive nature makes this genre a prototype for studying effective communication skills to move an audience. This paper shares insights gathered from a pedagogical experience in which university students in Modern Languages and Translation were trained to recognize the macrostructure and rhetorical strategies of business pitches, based on empirical research by Daly and Davy (2016), and transfer those skills to their own social entrepreneurial pitches. The analysis of the 31 pitches gathered revealed a new macrostructure, coined as the Problem-Solution-Evaluation-Request Pattern (i.e., a fusion between Hoey’s 1994 pattern and Searle’s 1969 Speech Act Theory), and the deployment of rhetorical strategies not included in the business model, mainly to appeal to positive and negative emotions. The results highlight the importance of genre literacy (Pérez-Llantada, 2021), and the new pattern and strategies may be of application to real-life social entrepreneurial pitching.
The argumentative role of toward in constructions of direction and orientation: a syntactic-semantic analysis
Argumental Structure has been broadly studied and approached from different perspectives. The proposed differentiation between obligatory participants (actants or arguments) and marginal elements (circumstants or adjuncts), initially attributed to Tesnière (1959), has triggered interest in syntactic studies of various kinds. However, other authors (García-Miguel, 1996; Crego, 2003; Ibáñez, 2012) have questioned the bipartite actant/circumstant division and proposed intermediate categories, resulting in a conception of argumentality as a graded category. On this basis, the present study addresses a proposal for the classification of the elements introduced by the Spanish preposition hacia ‘toward’ that express direction. Based on examples of oral speech obtained from two corpora (Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México and Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual) and the schemas exposed in the ADESSE database, the argumentative status of the elements expressing ‘Direction’ is shown. For this purpose, we take into account the meanings proposed in previous studies for each verb class, the frequency of occurrence with complements introduced by the preposition hacia ‘toward’, and the aspectual features of both the verb and the preposition to which it is related. The results show that with some verb classes these complements behave as adjuncts, but with others they can be considered as argumentative at different levels. In addition, the label ‘Direction’ is proposed for a more general thematic role incorporating ‘Goal’ and ‘Orientation’ roles, which would allow to account for a wider variety of cases.
Frequency and geolinguistic distribution of the diminutive ‑ito/‑ita in the spoken and written language of CORPES XXI
This article analyzes the geolinguistic distribution of diminutives in ‑ito/‑ita in the Spanish-speaking world. We exhaustively explored CORPES XXI, counting a total of 267,000 cases (tokens) of non-lexicalized diminutives. For the quantitative analysis, three parameters are taken into account: (i) geographical area, (ii) part of speech and (iii) written vs. spoken medium. This study shows that diminutives are more frequent in the spoken subcorpus and in informal registers. Also, in the spoken subcorpus, differences between varieties are more pronounced. Overall, the higher frequency of diminutives in America compared to Spain is confirmed, even if ‑ico/a and ‑illo/a are added to ‑ito/a. In the spoken subcorpus, the highest relative frequency is found in the Andean region, very closely followed by the Antillean and Mexican and Central American regions. The continental Caribbean, the Río de la Plata and Chile follow with slightly more difference. On the other hand, in the written language, it is the Rio de la Plata subcorpus that shows the highest relative frequency of diminutives. Contrasting the written and oral results, we conclude that the written language of the Río de la Plata is more permeable to colloquial and familiar phenomena than other varieties. As for part of speech, diminutives predominate in common nouns (especially in the Río de la Plata variety), followed by proper names and adjectives. The most productive use of diminutives with less prototypical categories (adverbs, quantifiers, articles, numerals, demonstratives, possessives, relatives and gerunds) is found in Mexico and Central America, in the Andean area and in the continental Caribbean.
Frecuency of use and values of em plan in spontaneous and semi-structured conversations: Bilingual Spanish-Catalan speakers in Catalonia
The focus of our research is on the various communicative functions performed by the discourse marker en plan. To achieve this, we analyse the six functions of this marker as identified in this research corpus consisting of five conversations. Each conversation lasted approximately 20 minutes, with three being spontaneous and two being semi-directed. The participants in these conversations included four women and two men of Catalan and Spanish-Catalan bilingual origin. In the corpus, en plan acts as an intensifier, exemplifier, reformulator, introducer, approximator, and filler formula. Its frequent presence in colloquial discourse in the communication channel, mainly for young people, of the current peninsular Spanish used in this Autonomous Community is verified by means of 77 registers found in this corpus.
Relational deverbal adjectives: grammatical behavior and semantic interpretation
This paper focuses on the study and the morphosyntactic analysis of a set of deverbal adjectives formed with the Spanish suffixes -dor, -ivo and -orio, which behave semantic and syntactically as relational adjectives, despite having a verbal base (proyecto investigador, texto narrativo, movimiento migratorio). And this fact implies a mismatch between the deverbal form and the denominal interpretation. From different lexico-syntactic tests, we show that these deverbal adjectives are syntactically and semantically relational and this interpretation is built from the relationship that the verbal base establishes with the modified noun. With this proposal, we offer a single valid explanation for the three suffixes, which also allows us to account for the different interpretations that the same adjective can present: active, dispositional, and/or relational.
MOBA Lexicon: Between Jargon and Specialized Language
This article analyzes the lexicon of MOBA (Multiplayer Online Battle Arena) video games, focusing particularly on League of Legends. The research explores whether the language used by players during matches can be classified as digital jargon or as a specialized discourse. To this end, a written and oral corpus exceeding 250,000 words has been compiled, which includes not only recordings of actual matches but also related discursive genres such as forums, blogs, and audiovisual guides. This methodological approach allows for the observation of the degree of specialization in the interaction during these video game matches, as well as the analysis of the expansion and use of this specific vocabulary within the player community in other contexts.
The Photoelicitation: A Research Technique for Linguistic Reflexivity and Meaning Construction
The integration of photography as a tool in communication and social research expands the understanding of complex social relations, production, consumption, power, and knowledge. By going beyond the visible codes in images, power structures between cultures and their relationship with history are revealed. The study focuses on linguistic analysis applied to historical images in online archives, using photo-elicitation to explore individual perceptions. It meticulously examines words associated with these images, analyzing how linguistic labels influence their interpretation and construction of historical meaning. The research centers on the historical situation in Spain during the Civil War, specifically around wine as a daily element. It combines anthropology, visual historiography, text linguistics and food semiotics to comprehend historical memory. It analyzes linguistic choices, categories, and technological impact on the interpretation of historical images, exploring digital analytic categories and individual and institutional linguistic agency. Photo-elicitation and the collection of public images facilitate the ethnographic research, creating a specific framework in the chronotope of the Spanish Civil War to analyze the materiality of wine in a context of war and hunger.
The pragmatic function in the translation of discourse markers. The case of the interjection “beh” in the Spanish versions of the Racconti romani (Alberto Moravia, 1953)
The aim of this article is to analyse the translation treatment of the interjection “beh” in the two spanish versions of the Racconti romani (Alberto Moravia, 1953) published to date (Attilio Dabini, 1957; Esther Benítez, 1970). This choice is due to the fact that “beh” is the interjection most frequently used by the author throughout the work, so that its analysis can give us important clues about the significant values of the interjection, its discursive function and the translational difficulties it poses. The study is approached from an interdisciplinary perspective, taking into account literary studies, linguistic variety, compositional procedures of narrative orality, discourse pragmatics and translation studies. Once the functional values of this interjection have been broken down from a comparative Italian-Spanish perspective (Poggi, 1995; Martín Zorraquino and Portolés Lázaro, 1999), the results of both translations are evaluated from the perspective of pragmatics. To this end, they are classified along two essential axes: the translations maintain the pragmatic effect or they do not maintain the pragmatic effect. Among the conclusions of the study, we highlight the interrelation between the interjection and discourse markers at the conversational level, as well as the variability of the meaning of these discursive particles depending on the position or intonation —not so much at the lexical or syntactic level— and the importance of the translation’s status as a function of the discourse..
Didactic problems in conditional sentences with si and their impact on linguistic production in ELE
This study highlights that the way of teaching conditional sentences with siin Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE) classrooms has become outdated in relation to new methodological trends, because these structures are presented as purely grammatical content, isolated from their communicative purpose and detached from pragmatics. Through the analysis of 464 examples extracted from B2 level productions of CAES, it is demonstrated that the way in which conditional sentences are teached and practised in ELE classrooms have a negative impact on their use in real contexts: students are unable to dissociate them from the fixed linguistic expressions commonly provided in textbooks.