EMOTION AND CULTURE OF EYE METAPHORS IN MANDARIN , SPANISH AND GERMAN

This study attempts to give a cognitive semantic study of eye expressions (EEs) in Chinese, Spanish and German. The majority of the data are collected from corpora and dictionaries. The research questions are: (1) Is the BODY IS STATIC hypothesis proposed by Hsieh and Lu (2012) valid? (2) Do the verbs in EEs showing emotions suggest something? And, (3) what cultural aspects do the EEs in three languages involve? The results show that the analysis of semantic molecules and tenors of the EEs confirm the validity of BODY IS STATIC hypothesis. The verbs of the EEs play an important role in expressing emotion. The verbs that are inherited for other body parts, such as for hand, mouth, are extended to the sight domain and assist such emotion communication effectively. Bodily experiences work in linguistic as a whole as well. Finally, cultural aspects of social behavior and social communication in the specific social groups are shown. They are all revealed through a cross-cultural linguistic comparison.


Introduction
Cognitive linguists launch that conceptual metaphor about emotion are motivated through recurrent bodily experiences (e.g., Gibbs & Wilson 2002, Tendahl 2009).Among a great number of studies on body-part expressions (e.g.Šileikaite 1997, Yu 2000, 2001, Tsao, Tsai and Liu 2001, Zacharenko 2004, Maalej 2004, Wang 2005, Li 2007, Ro, Friggel, and Lavie 2007), some of them research on eyes, e.g., Sweetser (1990) has a mind-as-body hypothesis in which she suggested that physical-domain verbs frequently come to have speech-act and/or mental-state meanings, and mentalstate verbs come to have speech-act meanings, while the opposite directions of change do not occur.Mugu (2002) focuses on structural and semantic analysis of some polysemous body-part words, including eyes, in Russian, German, and the Adug languages.Yu (2004) compared Chinese and English to detail the conceptual metaphors containing eyes.Some work on emotion.For example, Kövecses (2000) studies metaphor and emotion, in which language, culture and body in human feeling are the main concern.Huang clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 112 (2002) has a cognitive perspective on Tsou language, the emotion and body.Hsieh and Lu (2012) study body-part expressions in Chinese and Spanish and proposed BODY IS STATIC hypothesis.
This study examines the body-part vehicle eyes in Mandarin Chinese (hereafter Chinese), Spanish and German in order to provide a cross-linguistic comparison for the purpose of exploring: (1) The validity of BODY IS STATIC hypothesis,and (2) emotions that EEs express and the role their verbs play, and (3) what do the EEs imply the respective cultural aspects?This paper will be presented in the following way: (1) introduction, (2) research framework, (3) we analyze the data and present the semantic molecules and the meaning of the eye expressions in order to test BODY IS STATIC.Further, we (4) look into the related emotion expressions by focusing on the verbs, and (5) present the cultural features.Finally, ( 6) is the conclusion.

Research framework
We define our data and present the theoretical background of this study in this section.
An eye expression is defined in this study as any Chinese, Spanish or German expression that encodes the body-part vehicle eyes, without recourse to a separate definition of metaphor, or of metonymic blending.That is to say, the expressions in the present corpora are fixed expressions (Alexander 1978, Carter 1987, Moon 1998), including: metaphors, similes, proverbs, sayings, frozen collocations, grammatically illformed collocations, and routine formulae.In other words, they are not ad-hoc terms, nor freely generated phrases.
The Chinese vehicle eye is shared by mu4 目 and yan3 眼.They are synonyms with the minor difference dwell in that mu4 目 is the first written representation for Chinese eyes, while yan3 眼 appears afterwards.1999), and the Spanish data from Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual of Real Academia Española and Lanbridge Diccionario Manual Español Chino (Álvarez 1999).
A minor percentage of the data is gathered from other sources, such as books, newspapers, radio broadcasts, and TV programs on economy topics, books.The amount of the data is listed in Table 1.This study will test the validity of the BODY IS STATIC hypothesis (Hsieh & Lu 2012).Meanwhile, semantic molecules (Goddard 1998) and cultural representation are essential background of the study.We will introduce them in turn in the following.Hsieh and Kolodkina (2009)  In order to test the BODY IS STATIC hypothesis, we will analyze semantic molecules and tenors (meaning) of the EEs in Chinese, Spanish and German.
Semantic molecules was proposed by Goddard (1998)  Culture, from an anthropological perspective, according to Nostrand (1978, see Stern 1993), involves extensive topics, including language, paralanguage, body language, value systems, contemplating habits, the shared assumption of reality, and so on.Kao (1997:350) precisely puts that languages are the vehicles of a culture.A language reflects the history, the culture and the life of a nation.It also reveals most of the values and the thoughts of the nation.It is the root of culture.This study will investigate the respective cultures linguistically from the points of EEs.

BODY IS STATIC
In this section, we examine the semantic molecules of eye in EEs and tenors of the eye expressions in Chinese, Spanish and German for the attempt to answer the research questions one, whether BODY IS STATIC is valid.

The semantic molecules
Semantic molecules reveal how a linguistic vehicle is used in a language semantically; how the vehicle expresses meaning.We list the significant semantic molecules of EEs in Chinese, Spanish and German in  2).The German +eyesight, +liking emphasize on the ability of the eyes and also the feeling that eyes can show, as in (3).This is not to say that no German EEs are linked with +judgment or +attention, and no Mandarin EEs are associated with +liking, etc.There are, but they are not significant.The percentages of the semantic molecules demonstrate the preference of using the vehicle eye in expressing meaning in each language.
(1) Chinese +judgment and +vision:  (Hilpert, 2007).Below are some of the mappings.show a static kind of action.Such expressions not only emphasize on physical vision, but also consist of mind and thoughts.For example, many of the expressions have the meaning of being able to see clearly or to distinguish or figure out a situation (abrírsele los ojos (a alguien) 'open oneself-the-eyes-to-someone ＝ be cognizant of'), to convey a message (hacer una seña guiñando los ojos 'make-a-sign-winking-the-eyes'), and the attitude or the ways to get along with people or to deal with matters (mirar con buenos (malos) ojos 'look at-with-good (bad)-eyes ＝ to treat someone good (or bad)'), yet the action of winking eyes or widely opened-eyes occurs most often in the expressions of conveying a message.Hence, it is obvious that eye-movement is used more often to express one's inner thoughts in Spanish, not an outer activity, but a static manifestation.
(5) The tenor "state": In addition to the top tenors, most of the tenors in Table 3 concern with certain kinds of STATE."Characteristics of other body parts", "state", "thoughts", "object" and "perception" in Chinese, "state", "appearance", "perception", "object" and "characteristics of other body parts" in Spanish, and "state", "characteristics of other body parts", "perception", "object" and "thoughts" in German.In ( 7 The examining of tenors of EEs indicates BODY IS STATIC.We now go on for the next research question, whether the emotions that EEs express and the role their verbs play.

Emotion
"Emotion" and "emotional movement" are important tenors of EEs in the three languages.Emotion and emotional movement rank number 5 and 7 in Chinese, No. 9 in Spanish (emotion), and No. 4 and 3 in German.We will discuss emotion in this section.
In the above discussion about semantic molecules, we mentioned that BODY AS The verbs are metaphorically extended from those intrinsically for mouth, hands, etc.
For example, (8a) is from mouth (hsiao4 'smile'), (8b) from skin (leng3 'cold'), (8c) from mouth (comer 'eat') (8d) from feet (andar/ir 'walk/go'), (8e) from mouth (beissen 'bite'), and (8f) from hand (fassen 'seize').Emotion is a complex state of mind influenced by psychophysiological effect and environment/conjuncture. Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation (Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine).It seems that an integration of the eyes and other bodily functions and experiences will show emotion together.Consequently, the verbs are used freely or borrowed from other agent specific motions.
Machen is a popular dummy verb in German, as in the examples, fertigmachen 'to finish', weitermachen 'to continue', and nachmachen 'to imitate'.Talmy (2000b:284) clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 123 points out that dummy verbs is a system of generic verbs that "can act, in effect, as syntactic 'placeholders' while conveying relatively generic or neutral semantic content and thus permitting the sentence to proceed to the satellite, whose semantic content is the relevant factor".That is, such dummy verbs act for other verbs and collocate with certain semantic domains.The dummy verb is in construction with specific co-event verbs (Talmy 2000b:285).We see that the German machen 'make' is collocated with specific co-event, in the case of EEs, emotion related as illustrated in examples in (9).
Dummy verbs do not appear in Chinese EEs. 4 The Spanish hacer ojo 'make-eye = wink' has similar behavior, though not as obvious an emotion performer as the German machen does.
(9) German EEs with machen: a. Stielaugen machen 'goggle-make = to make stalk eyes; to look greedily and envious' b.Augen machen wie ein (ab)gestochenes Kalb 'eyes-make-like-a-poked-calf = to look/ to make a face like a calf that is stuck; to look helpless and confused' c. (große) Augen machen '(large)-eyes-make = to make (large) eyes; to be surprised, astonished' At last, let us look at how the eyes in the three languages show affection.In Chinese, the tao2hua1yan3 桃花眼 'peach-flower-eyes' are eyes that are good at sending emotion, mu4tiao1xin1zhao1 目 挑 心 招 'eye-raise-heart-beckon' means flirting, and wang4yan3yu4chuan1 望眼欲穿 'look-eye-want-penetrate" indicates aspire earnestly.
In Spanish, alegrársele (a alguien) los ojos 'be-pleased-with-somebody-the-eyes" is beaming with joy, and ojos vivos de una mujer 'eyes-lively-of-a-woman' indicates 'with enthusiasm in the eyes', etc.It is noted that the tao2hua1yan3 in Chinese implies the charming eyes that can seduce the opposite sex and prompt to cause affair and trouble.
clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 124 culture, in comparison with Spanish, it is considered to be disapproving and harmful that eyes show affection.
In German, EEs show faithful love (10a-10b) and hatred (10c-10d).People can be so hated each other that 'someone is a thorn in the other's eyes', but can be so loved that 'one has only eyes for this person', and so the eyeball is the precious dear (10e).In German, it is thus 'with a laughing and a crying eye' as in (10f).WaiZhuan 韓 詩 外 傳 (Disconnection) 5 with the original text bai2gu3lei4xiang4, yu2mu4si4zhu1 白骨類象, 魚目似珠 'skeletons are more or less similar and hard to be differentiated, and so do fish eyes and pearls'.Therefore, this expression suggests the concept of passing off the sham as the genuine.
Phoenix is the special mascot in Chinese culture.Chinese women are often associated with phoenix, dan1feng4yan3 丹鳳眼 'red-phoenix-eyes' is one of the features for Chinese women.It indicates a form of eyes with raising corners or the horizontal, long and elegant eyes, which are considered to be like the legendary phoenixes' eyes.On the other hand, people generally regard the women with (11c) tao2hua1yan3 as a figure of bad omen because they believe that a woman has a pair such eyes could weaken men and cause them to fall from virtue.
In German, (11d) is said to be used since 16th century when the playwright Hans Sachs had a written polemics with his colleagues in Augsburg with the title 'who has the calf hit in the eyes' (Wer hat das Kalb ins Auge geschlagen ;Röhrich 1991:794).Die Augen schonen 'the-eyes-protect = to protect the eyes; to sleep' is a humorous saying used since World War I when the soldiers started to say 'to sleep' this way.Blauäugig sein 'blue eyed-be = to be blue-eyed' means being innocent or naive.Many Germans have blue eyes.The blue eyes is for the Germans a symbol of faithfulness and innocence because new born babies there have blue eyes.Also that one can see through such people easily as they are naïve (Röhrich 1991(Röhrich :1210)).Das Auge des Gesetzes 'the-eyeof-the-law" refers to the police was popularized since Schillers' work Song of the Bell (Lied der Glocke) where the policemen act as the executive officers of the law is described.
In Spanish, example (11f) can be traced back to one anecdote that occurred to a famous sergeant of Castilla, don Álvaro of Luna, during one of his hunting (Cercas Ruedas impressed don Álvaro so much that he asked the poor man to tell his story.He said that he had raised a crow that he captured from mountain since it was small.Since he took good care of it, it became bigger and bigger.One day when he was feeding it, it flew to hurt his eyes and he became blind.After having heard of the story, don Alvaro ironically expressed to his friends of hunting the following saying Cría cuervos y te sacarán los ojos 'you raise-crows-and-they will take out-the-eyes = a snake in the bosom'.The saying has even since been used to imply ungrateful people. In (11g), bailarle (a alguien) los ojos 'dance him/her-(to-someone)-the-eyes = bliss', the verb associates with dancing, one important cultural element of the Hispanic world.
For example, flamenco and salsa are famous dancing that has been considered as typical cultural activities for Hispanic people.Besides, (11h) indicates that horse was the main transportation of knight that represented an important class of social system in the history.
(11) EEs tell history or stories: ein Augenmaß wie ein Rettich, nur nicht so scharf 'he-has-a-sense of distance-like-aradish, only-not-so-sharp = he has a sense of distance like a radish, but his is not as sharp' says 'he has a bad eyesight'.However, mit einem blauen Auge davonkommen 'with-a-blue-eye-get away = to get away with a blue eye; to get out of danger with only a small loss' is not as funny.
In Spanish, it is interesting to find contrastive expressions with eyes, for example, ser el ojo derecho de uno 'be-the-eye-right-of-one = to be a trusted follower' and entrar por el ojo derecho 'enter-through-the-eye-right = to be accepted friendly' while entrar por el ojo izquierdo 'enter-through-the-eye-left = not to be accepted pleasantly'.The right eye is associated with confidence in contrast to the left side with antipathy.The right side has been related to a more positive sense while the left side connected with a negative sense.
Eyes is an outstanding feature on face, Chinese and German use more Spanish EEs also give life teaching.For example, ojo por ojo 'eye-for-eye = an eye for an eye', 6 ojos que no ven, corazón que no llora/siente 'eyes-that-not-see,-heart-that-notcry/feel = what the eye doesn't see, the heart does not grieve over', and Cuatro ojos ven más que dos 'four-eyes-see-more-than-two = two heads are better than one'.
The EEs reveal cultural aspects of the languages; the history, the stories, life teaching, semantic preferences of collocation of respective EEs as well as cultural humor in Chinese, Spanish and German.

Conclusion
This study presents EEs in Chinese, Spanish and German to first examining the semantic molecules in order to test the hypothesis of body-part cognitive model BODY IS STATIC proposed by Hsieh & Lu (2012).As it is not completely apparent after the examination, we go on to study the tenors of the EEs.The top significant tenors of EEs and most of the tenors listed in Table 3 tend to indicate static manifestation that the EEs express more of the notion domain but less motion domain.BODY IS STATIC is confirmed.
We further recapitulated two themes that have surfaced sporadically during the course of our research.
Many EEs express emotion.We found that the verbs of the EEs play an important role in such emotion communication.The verbs that are inherit for other body parts, such as for mouth (bite, smile), skin (cold, hot), hands (cover, seize), and feet (walk), are borrowed or extended to the sight domain and assist the agent eyes to express emotion effectively.Bodily experiences work in corporately, for body and in linguistic.
Keesing (1981) exhibits that culture is a pattern of social behavior and social communication of a specific social group.The EEs tell cultural aspects of the languages 6 This EE is from the Bible (Matthew 5: 38) and is popular in all three languages, so the Chinese yi3yan3huan2yan2 以眼還眼 'with-eye-return-eye = an eye for an eye' and the German Auge um Auge 'an eye for an eye = the punishment for something will be the same as the offense'.Besides, contrastive analysis of different and specific linguistic features parametrically reflects the cross-cultural aspects such as life style and historical background.In conclusion, both universal and parametric findings have enhanced our linguistic knowledge from cultural perspectives and vice versa.
clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 113 The majority of the EEs were gathered from Chinese Mandarin Online Dictionary (Committee of Official Language Promotion 1998) and Web edition of Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage (The Chinese University of Hong Kong

+Figure 1 .
Figure 1.BODY IS STATIC in terms of force dynamics a. ling4yan3xiang1kan4 另眼相看 'another-eyes-mutual-look = to look at somebody in a different light' b. leng3yan3 冷眼 'cold-eye = cool detachment' c. mang2mu4 盲目 'blind-eye = blindly (in mind)' d. mu4guang1ru2dou4 目光如豆 'eye-sight-as-bean = extremely shortsighted, myopic view of things' (2) Spanish +attention and +eye: a. dormir con los ojos abiertos 'sleep-with-the-eyes-opened ＝ on the alert' b. con un ojo durmiendo, con otro velando y viendo 'with-an-eye-sleeping,-with-theother-watching-and-seeing ＝ to turn a blind eye to something' clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 117 c. clavar uno los ojos en alguien/algo 'nail-one-the-eyes-on-someone/something ＝ look with particular attention' d. guiñar un ojo (los ojos) 'wink-an-eye-(the-eyes) ＝ to make faces' (3) German +eyesight and +liking: a. mit offenen Augen durch die Welt gehen 'with-open-eyes-through-the-world-go = walk about with one's eyes open' b. ein Augenmaß haben wie ein Rettich 'an-eye measure-have-like-a-radish = to have a sense of distance like a radish; to have a very good eyesight' c. etwas im Auge haben 'something-in-the-eye-have = have something in one's eye; have one's eye on something' d. jmdn./etwasim Auge behalten 'someone/something-in-the-eye-keep = keep an eye on somebody/bear or keep something in mind' Hilpert (2007) has a chained metonymy model.He proposed four conceptual mappings that produce semantic extension (chained metonymy): perceptual function chains, instrument for action chains, body parts are container chains, and body parts are parts of physical object chains

( 4 )
brains (brain) → cognitive tool → intelligence hair-raising (hair) → sensation/intuition → eventful eyed (eye) → vision → attention nose → olfactory sensation → observe/inspect jaw-dropping (jaw) → sensation/physical appearance → amazement nail-biting (fingernail) → sensation/habit → nervous The chain eyed (eye) → vision → attention is true with evidence from semantic molecules of the three languages.The molecules +vision and +attention both rank high in all three languages.Vision and attention are static spheres of the eyes; they require concentration.Hilpert's chain coincides with the hypothesis BODY IS STATIC.
a. lao3yan3hun1hua1 老眼昏花 'old-eye-confused-blur = Presbyopia; to mis-perceive something from a moment of confusion' b. ci4yan3 刺眼 'thorn-eye = strong, provoking lights or colors; something eye-catching that offends others' c. no poder cerrar los ojos al morir 'not-able to-close-the-eyes-to the-die ＝ turn over in one's grave' d. nublársele a uno los ojos 'cloud oneself-to-one-the-eyes ＝ obfuscate, dazzle' e. sich Maden in die Augen schlafen 'itself-maggots-in-the-eyes-sleep = to sleep very long' f. unter vier Augen 'under-four-eyes = in private' (6) Spanish "action": a. estar ojo alerta 'be-eye-alert ＝ be on the alert' b. estar ojo avizor 'be-eye-alert ＝ be vigilant' c. abrir desmesuradamente los ojos 'open-disproportionately-the-eyes ＝ to open the eyes' clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 121 ) we give some examples of this kind.The body-part vehicle eye express more notion domain than motion domain, just as hand expressions suggested (Hsieh & Lu 2012).Once again BODY IS STATIC is verified.(7) The domain STATE: a. liu3yan3 柳眼 'willow-eyes = long, slender eyes' b. yu2mu4hun4zhu1 魚目混珠 'fish-eye-mix-pearl = pass off fish eyes as pearls; pass off the sham as the genuine' c. a ojos vistas 'to-eyes-sight ＝ clearly' d. alrededor de los ojos 'around-of-the-eyes ＝ the eye socket' e. ganz kleine Augen haben 'completely-small-eyes-have = be all sleepy' f. ein Auge auf jmdn./etwashaben 'an-eye-on-someone/something-have = to keep an eye on somebody/something; to have taken a fancy to somebody/have one's eye on something' : eye metaphors 122 EMOTION is studied inHsieh & Kolodkina (2009)  for the eye(s) and hand(s) expressions in Chinese, Russian and English.Here we will further discuss about EEs for their emotion expressions and look at them in a different way.The verbs of emotion related EEs are "borrowed", as we can see in the following examples: (8) Emotion EEs with borrowed verbs: a. mei2kai1yan3xiao4 眉 開 眼 笑 'eyebrow-open-mouth-laugh = beam with joy; a person with a discerning eye; a person of good sense' b. leng3yan3 冷眼 'cold-eye = cool detachment' c. comer(se)/devorar con los ojos 'eat(oneself)/devour-with-the-eyes = hate someone to the bones' d. andar/ir con (cien) ojo(s) 'walk/go-with-(hundred)-eye(s) = be careful' e. Er hat sich die Zwiebel selbst gezogen, die ihm in den Augen beißt 'he-has-himselfthe-onion-self-pulled, that-him-in-the-eyes-bite = he has picked the onion which stings in his eyes by himself; he is responsible by himself for his' f. etwas ins Auge fassen 'something-in-the-eye-seize = consider something; think about something'

( 10 )
German EEs show affections: a. ein Auge auf jmdn./etwashaben 'an-eye-on-someone/something-have = to keep an eye on somebody/something; to have taken a fancy to somebody/have one's eye on something' b. nur Augen für jmdn.haben 'only-eyes-for-someone-have = have eyes only for somebody; a person is so captivated, taken, charmed by another that he or she has no wish or desire to look at anyone else' c. einem ein Dorn im Auge sein 'someone-a-thorn-in-the-eye-be = to be a thorn in someone's eye; to be a thorn in one's flesh' d. einem ein Stachel im Auge sein 'someone-a-thorn-in-the-eye-be = to be a thorn in someone's eye' e. jemandes Augapfel sein 'somebody's-eye-apple-be = be someone's eyeball; to be very dear to someone' f. mit einem lachenden und einem weinenden Auge 'with-a-laughing-and-a-crying-eye = with mixed feelings' 5.The cultural presentation Cultural features are revealed from EEs when compare different languages.We read Chinese history or legendary story in EEs.Example (11a) is from one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, ShuiHuZhuan 水滸傳 (Outlaws of the Marsh, Mid-16 century).In Chapter 2, the author Shi Nai-an (AD.1296-1370) says, "Master, you are so powerful; you must be a chief instructor.I have just entertained an angle clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 125 unawares!"where the admiration to a master is expressed.(11b) is from HanShi 2010).He met a beggar whose face had two terrible scars on his eyes.Since his face 5 The author Han Ying wrote it at around 150 B.C.It was first printed around year 1041-1048.clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 126 a. you3yan3bu4shi4tai4shan1 有 眼 不 識 泰 山 'have-eye-not-recognize-Mount Tai= entertain an angle unawares' from Violet b. yu2mu4hun4zhu1 魚目混珠 'fish-eye-mix-pearl = pass off fish eyes as pearls; pass off the sham as the genuine' c. tao2hua1yan3 桃花眼 'peach-flower-eyes = eyes to be good at sending emotion; a charming eye' d.Das Kalb ins Auge schlagen 'The-calf-in-the-eye-hit = to hit the calf in the eye; to scandalize' e. die Augen sind größer als der Magen (od.Bauch) 'the-eyes-are-bigger-than-thestomach-(or belly) = to put more food on one's plate than what one can eat' f.Cría cuervos y te sacarán los ojos 'you raise-crows-and-they will take out-the-eyes = a snake in the bosom' g. bailarle (a alguien) los ojos 'dance him/her-(to-someone)-the-eyes = bliss' h.El ojo del amo engorda al caballo 'the-eye-of the-owner-fat-to the-horse = The eye of the master fattens the horse' clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 127 Some EEs are funny.There are many si4yan3tian2ji1 四眼田雞 'four-eyes-farm-frog = person wearing shortsighted spectacles' in Taiwan.And it is said as die2po4yan3jing4 跌破眼鏡 'fall-break-eyes-mirror; one's glasses fell broken' when things happened exceeding one's expectation.The eyesight of mice is ironically used in Chinese.shu3mu4cun4guan1 鼠目寸光 'mouse-eye-inch-light = a mouse can see only an inch' is criticizing someone's shortsighted.Shu3yan3 鼠眼 'mouse-eyes' describes narrow slits of eyes.The state of the eyes give clue of the human relations, so when people have the same opinions or like each other, they are dui4yan3 對眼 'yes-eyes', and yan3shou2 眼 熟 'eye-mature' points out 'looking familiar'.As for German EEs, the Germans can danken mit einer Träne im Knopfloch und einer Nelke im Auge 'thank-with-a-tear-in-one's-buttonhole-and-a-carnation-in-the-eye' which means thanking someone ironically moved to tears.They can also mit offenen Augen schlafen 'with-open-eyes-sleep' when one is daydreaming.Humorously, Er hat animals and plants to describe the eyes.For beautiful eyes, dan1feng4yan3 丹鳳眼 'red-phoenixeyes = a form of eyes with raising corners', Reh Augen 'deer-eyes = beautiful blue eyes'.For eyesight, Adleraugen 'eagle eyes = to have a very good eyesight', eulenäugig clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 128 'owl-eyed = to have an excellent night eyesight', and ojos de lince 'eyes-of-eagle = sharp eyes', they all indicate admiration of keen eyesight.Chinese and German akin to compare human eyes with animals because animal's beautiful eye shape or special eyesight, as we can see also in some of the above examples.The EEs used to describe the appearance of the eyes often connote something else, such as eyesight, mood, or personality, e.g., eulenäugig 'owl-eyed' means having an excellent night eyesight.hu3yan3 虎 眼 'tiger-eyes' refers to a angry look, and bai2ge1yan3 白鴿眼 'white-dove-eyes' is a look of disdain.Interestingly, 'eagle eyes' is given in all three languages.It means keen eyesight in German (Adleraugen haben 'eagle eyes-have = to have eyes like an eagle; to have a very good eyesight'), but sharp expression in one's eyes in Chinese (ying1yan3 鷹眼 'eagle-eyes = sharp expression in one's eyes').Spanish behaves more like German, tener ojo de águila 'have-eye-of-eagle = to have eyes like a hawk' tends to mean the good eyesight.While German and Spanish focus on the super ability of the eagle eyes, Chinese takes the awe-struck quality of the eagle eyes.Some EEs give life teaching.In Chinese, the Doctrine of Mean is a metaphysical philosophy.It emphasizes on against the extreme and not to stick to the same old principles.Thus the EE zheng1yi4zhi1yan3, bi4yi4zhi1yan3 睜一隻眼, 閉一隻眼 which literally means 'open-one-eye, close-one-eye' and refers to 'turn a blind eye to something'.It is totally alright being 'about right' or 'almost correct' in Chinese culture; an exact correctness is not a Chinese pursuit.In German, Es fällt ihm wie Schuppen von den Augen 'It-falls-it-like-sheds-of-the-eyes = something is suddenly very clear; finally someone understands something' and Einem ein Stachel im Auge sein 'someone-a-thorn-in-the-eye-be = to be a thorn in someone's side' are from Bible.The Christians and Catholics have occupied one third of the population in Germany.Christmas is the greatest annual festival for the whole country.There are well-known passages widely used in German language and become part of German concepts and culture.clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 129 clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 130 such as the history and life teaching.The semantic preferences of collocation of respective EEs in Chinese, Spanish and German are revealed and briefly explained in terms of several fundamental cognitive linguistic premises.Through this cross-linguistic study, we have provided new and further evidence in supporting the cognitive model of body-part expressions in languages, BODY IS STATIC, that is possibly universal, concluded from previous results related to cognitive semantic research of body parts including hands and eyes in different languages.

Table 1 .
Data collected

Table 2 .
Significant semantic features of eye expressions in the three languages besides the appearance, as in (

Table 3 .
If we look at the data more closely, mental state like +thinking in Spanish and emotion like +love, +angry in Chinese, +happy, +disgusting in Spanish, +liking, +surprise in German all direct to MIND and EMOTION.They are Important tenors of eye expressions in the three languages Spanish has the greatest amount of expressions related to eyes-movement when comparing with German and Chinese.Though the "action" in Spanish (56.95%) seems to oppose to STATIC, if we look at this tenor closely, we see that the examples in (6) all On the other hand, MIND and EMOTION are two important semantic domains of the EEs.We can see that, first, most of the semantic molecules are related to the function of clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 118 human eyes, seeing, looking, etc. languages, such as +judgment in Chinese, +attention, +thinking in Spanish, +understanding in German.Among them, Spanish lays more emphasize on MIND than the other two languages as we can see that +attention, +thinking are significant semantic molecules and other semantic molecules like +mind, +judgment, +trust are all hyponyms of MIND.MIND is usually static; it is an element of BODY IS STATIC.Yet, EMOTION could cause violence.We will move on to examine the meaning of the EEs for a clearer picture.3.2.The tenorsSemantic molecules are for the vehicle eye itself.The meaning of the EEs (i.e.tenor) can give a broader view than what the linguistic vehicle eye renders and can provide a different means for testing BODY IS STATIC.We list the significant tenors of EEs in Chinese, Spanish and German in Table 3. clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 119The Table shows that Chinese eye not only is often used to describe the "characteristics of other body parts" (15.29%, top one), but also popular in expressing "states" (14.01%, top two).The "state" refers to a condition or way of being that exists at a particular time of the human eyes, as well as indicating how the vehicle eye is being linguistically. 3An example of "Characteristics of other body parts" is Adleraugen 'eagle eyes = to have a very good eyesight'.clac 58/2014, 110-133 hsieh and lu: eye metaphors 120