Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense
Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense (ISSN 0211-9803, ISSN-e 1988-2378) is a six-monthly journal. It compiles subjects analysing and interpreting geographic space and knowledge of physical, human and regional aspects of Spain, focussing particularly on Madrid's urban space and regional environment.
In order to support the global exchange of knowledge, the journal Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is allowing unrestricted access to its content as from its publication in this electronic edition, and as such it is an open-access journal. The originals published in this journal are the property of the Complutense University of Madrid and any reproduction thereof in full or in part must cite the source. All content is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 use and distribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This circumstance must be expressly stated in these terms where necessary. You can view the summary and the complete legal text of the licence.
Transborder mobility, mobile and multi-stranded subjects in the access to housing. The cases of Iquique, Alto Hospicio and Antofagasta
Employing a geographical approach to transborder mobility, this article aims to analyze the border movements of Peruvians and Bolivians who live in the northern cities of Chile (Iquique and Antofagasta) and their access to housing. We propose the thesis that these migrant subjects transit across the border area mainly for labor reasons and due to wage differences associated with crossing the frontier. Thus, the proximity to their place of origin, the possibility of going, returning or staying, their life cycle, as well as the conditions of precarious work and of the housing to which they have access, make them, in many cases, mobile and multi-stranded subjects. Mobility is viewed as the ability to move around the city and frontier area and stranded is observed through the meaning acquired by the housing and access to it. The research is based on 16 in-depth interviews conducted within the framework of a larger investigation, thus identifying the most important aspects in the mobility and circular movements of migrants.
Copyright (c) 2021 Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense
en] From gentrification to touristification: the city as a showcase
This work studies the transformation of the Russafa neighbourhood over two decades, exploring the articulation between commercial and residential gentrification and touristification. Using a mixed methodology that combines spatial analysis, socio-economic data and fieldwork, changes in the property market are mapped and the evolution of the commercial fabric is reconstructed through direct observation, inventory, photographic records and the use of Google Street View. Statistical sources (Idealista, INE, Municipal Statistics Office of the City Council of Valencia, Airbnb) allow us to quantify a sharp increase in housing prices, the social homogenisation of the neighbourhood and the concentration of tourist accommodation in specific areas. The results show how “revitalisation” policies and urban branding strategies drive up the value of the neighbourhood, encouraging the arrival of new residents with greater purchasing power and the expansion of tourist rentals, at the expense of traditional residents and local businesses. In short, Russafa exemplifies how the contemporary city is being reconfigured as a space increasingly oriented towards consumption and profitability, reopening the fundamental question of for whom is the city.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense
Landscape and Conflict: Glass as a Territorial Interface after the Battle of Jarama (Madrid)
This study examines the relationship between landscape, armed conflict, and territorial representation through an operational map of the Battle of Jarama (1937) drawn manually on glass and preserved in the Army Museum. The main objective is to interpret this piece as a geographical device that helps understand the spatial organization of the front and its projection onto the present-day territory. The methodology combines material and documentary analysis, comparison with historical cartography, fieldwork, and spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results allow the precise identification of the represented sector—Rivas-Vaciamadrid spur—and the reconstruction of the defensive system after the stabilization of the front, confirming the correspondence between the sketch and the preserved structures. Furthermore, the study highlights the value of the glass support as a tool for superimposition and direct territorial reading in wartime contexts. In conclusion, the map is understood not only as a representation but also as an active agent in shaping territory, emphasizing the need for integrated landscape management to prevent fragmentation and loss of meaning.
Situation and recent evolution of heritage tourism in China: a bibliometric analysis
This study examines the evolution of research on heritage tourism in China from 1999 to 2023 through a bibliometric approach. By integrating data from CNKI and Scopus, it analyzes publication trends, thematic structures, and knowledge network configurations. The findings reveal a progressive trajectory from an initial phase characterized by dispersed structures to the formation of consolidated thematic clusters, and subsequently to a more integrated and complex configuration. In the early stage, research primarily focused on the relationship between heritage conservation and tourism development. During the second phase, themes such as sustainability, stakeholders, and destination image gained prominence. In recent years, the field has further expanded to incorporate issues related to digitalization, urban governance, and cultural identity. A cross-database comparison highlights structural differences: domestic publications tend to concentrate on specific heritage types and regional practices, whereas internationally published research is more strongly embedded in global theoretical frameworks. Overall, the study provides a structural perspective on the logic of knowledge production in China’s heritage tourism research and offers an empirical foundation for future comparative and theoretical investigations.
New sighting of Tarentola mauritanica in Asturias
This contribution documents and assesses the significance of the sighting of a specimen of the Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica) recorded in January 2026 outside the species’ known distribution range, specifically in Colunga, a coastal locality in eastern Asturias. This thermophilous, anthropophilous, and nocturnal gecko is characteristic of the Mediterranean Basin and, within the Iberian Peninsula, is distributed throughout southern, eastern, and central sectors. Nevertheless, its pronounced association with human-modified environments facilitates its accidental introduction into new territories, most commonly via the transport of goods and cargo by different modes of transportation.
Variability of wetlands in La Mancha Húmeda (Spain) between 1984 and 2025
This paper analyses the evolution of some wetlands of La Mancha Húmeda (Spain) between 1984-2025, with the aim of knowing their temporal variability and the possible trend of inland wetlands according to their location, origin, water management and degree of seasonality. For this purpose, images from the Landsat and Sentinel 2 satellites have been used, from which the spectral enhancements that offer the most information on shallow water levels are selected: NDWI, NDSI, IHS and principal components. The multitemporal study of these wetlands, validated by field and laboratory data, allows us to affirm a loss of water volume accentuated in the last decade, although with a remarkable recovery of the water sheets of the wetlands. The progressive loss of water volume is due to the combination of several causes: prolonged drought, reduction in the level of aquifers, reduction of anthropogenic contributions to some wetlands and less availability of surface water for these natural spaces.
What does cadastral management reveal in the peri-urban areas of Juan Atalaya - Cúcuta, within the framework of the multipurpose cadastre?
This research focuses on the administration of the multipurpose cadastre in the peri-urban areas of Ciudadela de Juan Atalaya, located in San José de Cúcuta, following the municipal authorization as cadastral manager in 2020. The objective of the study is to analyze the management of cadastral updating by the current manager in the peri-urban areas of Atalaya. Methodologically, a qualitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional approach is adopted, based on land administration theory, supported by territorial governance and process reengineering, which simplifies the interpretation of the operations that are evident throughout the analysis. Thus, the research focuses on the management and inherent limitations within the framework of updating towards a multipurpose cadastre. The results reveal a failure to meet the goals set to date, reflecting institutional tensions and operational challenges in cadastral management. However, the study contributes to the consolidation of the cadastral process in Colombia by highlighting the historical outdatedness of more than a decade in the municipality of San José de Cúcuta, which allows for the assessment of existing gaps in territorial management.
Ecological assessment of thirty-six land-use decisions: the case of the Coiba Penal Island, Panama (1847-2014)
Land-abuse produces environmental crisis, yet there are locations like the Coiba Island where forests re-grow rapidly despite more than 80 years of mass agriculture. In order to discover why, we reviewed the history of Coiba (1847–2014) while writing out the main land-use decisions that were executed, and analyzing them under the scope of their geographical context. Out of 36 decisions, 35 were not in contraposition with-, but even took advantage from the conditions of the topography, climate, geology, position respect to the sea and rivers, as well as from the estuarine-and-coastal wildlife. Just only the removal of soil using a bulldozer generated a novel ecosystem while the rest of the decisions did not precluded a fast, post-abandonment secondary succession for the 20,46% of the 503km2 of island’s surface that were devoted to livestock (>900cows.y-1), rice (>752Mg.y-1), among other items to be sent to mainland Panama. Meanwhile, the remaining 79,54% of Coiba’s lands remained covered by mature forest protecting the watersheds and the gradual movement of soil nutrients towards the cultivated areas. Our results confirm that it is possible to massively produce food per decades provided that the environmental constraints and the forests are respected.
The image of Spain in NO-DO documentaries (1943-1956), a geographical study
The period between 1943 and 1956 was an exceptional time when a single news programme, NO-DO, was the only authorised medium for providing moving images of both the outside world and Spain. It was the only authorised source that, updated weekly, fed the spatial imagination of Spaniards. The study aims to analyse the news and reports on Spain broadcast by NO-DO during those years. This data, conveniently mapped, provides an overview of the spatial distribution of 4797 news items at the municipal level. By examining the content and applying a location coefficient based on the primary themes of the news and reports, the research reveals a Spain that is repeatedly filmed, in contrast to other territories that receive little cinematic attention. In the context of post-war Spain and the early stages of the Franco regime, this work demonstrates NO-DO’s role in projecting an image where specific regions were primarily associated with certain themes, be they industrial, religious or leisure-related. The study concludes with recommendations for the subsequent period, 1957-1975, during which NO-DO coexisted with new sources of moving images, such as television.
Landscape as an affective and educational experience: differences in perception according to the urban-rural context
Landscape, understood as a social and emotional construct that integrates natural and cultural elements, represents a key educational resource for fostering environmental awareness and territorial identity. This study examines the perceptions and emotions elicited by urban and rural landscapes among Secondary Education students and prospective Primary Education teachers. Using a mixed-methods approach, a questionnaire was administered to 174 participants from different geographical contexts (rural, semi-rural, intermediate, and urban), combining inferential statistical analyses with qualitative analysis conducted in Atlas.ti. The results reveal a strong association between geographical context and landscape perception: rural students value nature, tranquillity, and biodiversity, whereas urban students emphasise services and leisure activities. Natural landscapes are predominantly associated with positive emotions and well-being, while urban landscapes generate more heterogeneous responses. Significant differences were also observed according to gender and educational stage in participants’ ability to distinguish and evaluate different types of landscape. These findings highlight the need for a landscape education that integrates reason and emotion in order to promote a critical environmental education that strengthens territorial identity.
Towards Sustainable Tourism Development in El Tarf: Mapping Suitability through GIS and AHP
The region of El Tarf boasts a rich array of natural, geographical, and historical tourist features, including mountainous areas, coastal zones, as well as diverse tourist sites and potentials. This study aims to assess tourist suitability zones in the region, notably taking into account the El Kala National Park, classified and preserved by UNESCO-MAB. To achieve this, we employed a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map land suitability for tourism, considering multiple criteria and factors, including landscape (land use), topography (elevation, slope), and accessibility (proximity to tourist sites and services, distance from roads). Each factor was evaluated on a relevance scale ranging from highly suitable (10) to not suitable for tourism (1). The results obtained provide a detailed mapping of the region's tourist potential, thus facilitating the planning and management of local tourism development.
Geography textbooks: authors’ priorities, problems, and innovation proposals
This study investigates the perspectives of Spanish and Italian authors of geography textbooks for secondary schools. The aim is to fill the gap in information regarding the textbooks’ design and writing processes and to gather suggestions for their improvement. Through a questionnaire, based on the one applied by Lee and Catling (2017) to 7 English authors, we gather the aspects that 11 authors from Spain and Italy (7 and 4 respectively) take into consideration in the design of textbooks, the priorities they set, the issues they face and the innovations they hope. Their priorities are to avoid prejudices and stereotypes and to promote mastery of key geographical concepts. In the selection of case studies, they value relevance and newness. Among the difficulties, authors indicate the process of selecting and adapting content to formats and targets. As proposals for improvement, the use of digital tools and the introduction of methodological changes are suggested, towards a competency-based approach, which promotes observation, research, and critical thinking through the proposition of geographical problems. Authors agree on the need to provide current and useful content to understand the world. Although there are similarities with the study of Lee and Catling, differences also emerge, possibly related to advancements in technologies and in geography education.
Learning from Disaster. Educational Proposals for Teaching Risk after the 2024 DANA in Valencia (Spain)
The devastating effects of the cut off low (DANA in Spanish official meteorological terminology) of October 2024 in Valencia (Spain) have highlighted the urgent need to strengthen education on natural hazards. In this regard, this paper presents various didactic proposals for teaching flood risk in school geography in the classroom (Primary Education, Secondary Education, and Baccalaureate). These proposals, adapted to each cognitive level, present different activities and resources for working in the classroom by problematizing these phenomena. They consider the local/regional context of the students as guiding principles that any teacher can adapt to their territorial context and incorporate into learning situations linked to environmental and territorial issues. This approach seeks to train students capable of facing various socio-territorial challenges, contributing to a more resilient and prepared society in the face of current and future climate change scenarios and its associated extreme events.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense
Guillermo Schulz. The valuable geognostic interpretations of a German from the northwest of Spain (1832-1835)
Between 1832 and 1835, Guillermo Schulz, a German scientist and author of the first geognostic description of Galicia (Schulz, 1835), travelled around Galicia making deliberate assessments and discovering many physiographic singularities and regularities that constitute a regional geomorphological synthesis. This perspective has not been sufficiently recognized even though it constitutes a milestone in Spanish scientific history. This study has analyzed his main works, especially his field notebooks (Schulz, 1992a and 1992b), with the aim of assessing his role as a pioneer of the heritage perspective of Earth Sciences in our country. It has also applied TIG tools to carefully recognize some of the sites he highlighted. The results indicate that, as a discoverer of significant mineral wealth and its historical perspective in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, a describer of the layout and sequence of the rock, a developer of a geognosy whose contributions are of notable interest to geographers and as a pioneer of the heritage vision of geodiversity in Spain, the routes and points of interest highlighted in his tours should form part of a network of spaces of interest for their enhancement and their geotourism projection.
Teaching world regional geography in Geography degree programs at Spanish universities: A comparative analysis of contents, approaches, and curricular coherence
This article presents a comparative analysis of courses dedicated to world regional geography within Geography degree programs at Spanish public universities. Drawing on a systematic review of official course syllabi, the study examines thematic content, conceptual approaches, scales of analysis, learning competencies, teaching methodologies, and the bibliography and resources employed. The aim is to assess the extent to which these courses respond to contemporary territorial challenges and meet the educational demands of a critical and multiscalar regional geography. The findings reveal a strong persistence of structural and descriptive models, often outdated and weakly articulated in terms of objectives, competencies, and pedagogical strategies. However, innovative proposals with emerging geopolitical or critical perspectives are also identified. The study concludes that a reorientation of the current curricular approach is necessary to overcome entrenched academic routines and to advance toward a more coherent, contextualized, and transformative teaching of world regional geography.
Identification of priority recovery areas through the study of erosion dynamics in the Carapiranga river watershed
Water erosion, intensified by the transformation of natural areas into agricultural and urbanized zones, contributes to soil depletion and sedimentation in water bodies. This study evaluates soil loss in the Carapiranga River Basin, identifying vulnerable areas for 2020 and 2025 through the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Markov Chain model. The methodology incorporates factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, and conservation practices, prioritizing restoration in high-risk areas and analyzing the compliance of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) with the 2012 Forest Code. By 2025, an improvement in soil stability was projected, with the proportion of areas experiencing mild soil loss increasing from 90.29% to 93.07%. Finally, the study proposes the implementation of Payment for Environmental Services (PES), environmental education programs, and a plan for recovering degraded areas to strengthen the basin's sustainability.
Large detail scale mapping from aerial orthophotos for understanding local-scale urban land use dynamics. The case of Madrid, Spain
The Madrid Land Use project (MLUP) is an aerial photographic interpretation-based mapping program for the Madrid region, Spain, now available for five time periods: 2000, 2006, 2009, 2014 and 2020. In this paper we showcase the most recent updates for 2014 and 2020, using examples from the municipalities of Arganda del Rey, Campo Real and Rivas-Vaciamadrid. The updated geodatabase enhances our understanding of urban development trends and land use patterns. Broadly, development followed a simplistic template initiated by the construction of road infrastructure, later infilling with multi-family housing, retail and facilities. This pattern is highly dispersed, increasingly car dependent and energy and resource inefficient, and thus not aligned with environmental, climate or sustainability goals. The results of the MLUP show the continuing importance of large detail scale mapping from aerial orthophoto interpretation as an essential tool for understanding urban land use dynamics.
The role of women in spa tourism in Spain: an invisible issue for rural development?
Spa tourism in Spain has not been addressed using a gender perspective. This situation has meant that the role of women in spas has been rendered invisible, and entailed negative consequences for rural development. The aim is to critically analyze, through a gender-based approach, the presence of women in the employment, use, and management/ownership of Spanish spas today, in order to identify the possible social, economic, and regional consequences. We have used a methodology based on triangulation, thus obtaining differentiated and more complete information. The results show a high degree of feminization of spa tourism in Spain, although female representation is unevenly distributed across the different components of the tourism system. We conclude with some strategies to promote the inclusion of women in spa tourism, fostering equality of opportunity and contributing to the development of sustainable and equitable tourism in rural areas in Spain with spas.
O Using Xgboost models dor daily rainfall prediction
Machine learning models for predicting daily precipitation have gained traction in recent years. Understanding the benefits of using this technology in different regions is a relevant research topic. For this reason, this study aims to evaluate daily precipitation estimated forecasts from climate data between 1983 and 2019 in Itirapina, São Paulo, Brazil. We used a novel machine learning algorithm, XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting), to create several daily precipitation prediction models. Two tasks were modeled: the occurrence of daily precipitation (classification) and the amount of daily precipitation (regression). The results revealed that the occurrence of daily precipitation could be predicted with an accuracy of around 90%. Additionally, models were developed to predict the amount of daily precipitation with error rates of around 3mm. We observed that precipitation in the study area is directly associated with solar radiation, and estimated forecasts of precipitation and the corresponding months are characteristic of the tropical climate.
Insitutional commitment to vulnerable neighbourhoods
This article focuses on the strategies developed by international and Spanish institutions to analyze and address the challenges of vulnerable neighborhoods. The methodology employed is deductive and is based on the review of theoretical data through techniques for analyzing bibliographic, documentary, and cartographic sources. The results highlight the specific commitment adopted to urban vulnerability at the institutional level and emphasize its impact on the formulation of initiatives and strategies within the Spanish context. The conclusions underscore how the contributions of international institutions and initiatives promoted by the European Union have left a significant mark on Spain's commitment to addressing the issue of vulnerable neighborhoods.
he use of GIS in teaching Geography. A didactic intervention with trainee teachers
Nowadays, there are new challenges and new ways of accessing knowledge and communicating through one of the oldest disciplines, Geography. The study of Geography education through Project Based Learning (PBL) is proving to be very effective in the educational field. This study presents the results of a PBL designed to introduce Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the learning of geographic competences, in this case the elaboration and understanding of maps, as well as the study of climate and the elaboration of climograms. We have worked with a sample of 226 students from a Primary Education Degree, to whom the PBL teaching intervention was applied, using GIS for skill development. Subsequently, an ad hoc questionnaire was applied, with quantitative and qualitative questions, to measure the effects of the intervention on learning to use maps and the study of climate. The methodology of analysis was mixed. The results show that more than 70% of the students have acquired knowledge of using GIS for map interpretation and understanding the climate through climograms. It is concluded that the experience through GIS improves the learning process and the understanding of the territory.
Comparing social media sentiment with cycling infrastructure reports: a comprehensive analysis of micromobility perceptions in multiple Spanish Urban Areas
Citizens' opinions and perceptions are important for developing measures that promote micromobility. This study uses geolocated Twitter data to analyze the perceptions of residents in 14 Spanish urban areas. The proposed workflow involves downloading and storing tweets related to these mobility services, conducting spatiotemporal analysis by transport mode, validating results with data from Spain’s Ministry of Transport, exploring the spatial influence of demographic, socioeconomic, and mobility variables, performing sentiment analysis to score each city, and comparing the results with ratings from the Spanish Organization of Consumers and Users (OCU). The findings show a very high spatial correlation between the distribution of Twitter users and official data sources, as well as a direct relationship with the working-age population and commute times. The overall score of the urban areas is a low pass and is related to whether they are located on the coast or inland, with only two cities achieving scores above 7 out of 10. This suggests that the physical aspects of geography or urban layout influence perceptions of micromobility.
(Re)generative practices in the public spaces of Latin American cities: from top-down to (micro)bottom-up urbanism
As initiatives promoting experimental, transitional, and regenerative actions in the production of public space continue to expand, so too does the commodification of cities, the homogenization of urban culture, and the enforcement of segregation policies. In Latin America, these phenomena intertwine with structural conflicts, manifested in the prevalence of subsistence activities, begging, and crime in public spaces. Using a methodology based on document analysis, case review, and direct observation, this study presents a classification and analysis of various mechanisms for the production and activation of public spaces. These mechanisms include service infrastructures, self-organized practices, and eco-technological integrations. Through case analysis, the operative cores of the studied practices are identified, along with their key components and attributes. All of this aims to explore alternatives for a regenerative urbanism in which the production of public spaces is both viable within a global planetary context and grounded in Latin American territorial identity.
Relevance, exceptionality, and depopulation risk classification for rural areas in Andalusia. The next on the list
Rural depopulation is one of the most urgent challenges. In Andalusia, the demographic dynamics present particularities that require a differentiated analysis. There are still lively rural areas, due to an adequate system of settlements and the impact of previous and current policies. However, the current presence of few quality employment opportunities in rural areas, which causes high emigration and progressive ageing, inexorably leads to many of them being next on the list, including mountain areas, high plateaus, olive-growing countryside and even regional capitals, significantly compromising rural sustainability. Along these lines, this work exposes the relevance of the phenomenon in the region and its exceptional nature. It proposes a municipal classification, identifying the affected areas and those that could face this phenomenon in the short-medium term. To this end, through a multivariate approach that integrates physical, population, economic and telecommunications variables, we seek to demonstrate the magnitude of the problem and its possible expansion, highlighting the need for specific measures that promote development and stop population loss.
Risk assessment of the trees of plaza Belgrano in Punta Alta (Argentina)
The article aims to evaluate the risk of the wooded plaza Belgrano in Punta Alta, Argentina. For this purpose, a survey of the trees was carried out, identifying 156 specimens. Each was observed in its height, the inclination of the cup, the diameter at chest height, the state of the cup, the percentage of dry branches and the physical and sanitary condition. Subsequently, 20 trees from 6 species were selected and the Basic Visual Assessment method was applied to determine their risk. As a result, Acacia melanoxylon and Parasenegalia visco were identified as the species that presented the greatest risk in the plaza. The main defects of the trees observed were root problems and weak branch connections. The correct selection of tree species in green spaces and their proper maintenance is key to reducing the level of risk posed by trees to the population that circulates through the square.
Study of aridity and the evolution of environmental values in the Monfragüe Biosphere Reserves in Extremadura (Spain)
Aridity is a major constraint for the future of protected areas (Pas) in Extremadura (Spain) caused among other factors by increasing temperatures, variability and scarcity of precipitation. This study evaluates the spatial and temporal variation of aridity in Monfragüe National Park and analyses the impact of climate change in this area using the De Martonne Aridity Index (IDM). This index was calculated from monthly mean values of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures from 108 meteorological stations over a 30-year period (1989-2018) and aims to 1) assess aridity in the reserve area of the park and its area of influence, and 2) visualise aridity patterns using spatial analysis and correlation techniques using a geographic information system (GIS) and a geostatistical algorithm (Ordinary Kriging) for estimation. In three future periods (2006-2035, 2036-2065 and 2066-2095). The projections were calculated using a set of 10 combinations of global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The results showed that aridity conditions increased at different De Martonne stages.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense
Basic services and territory: constraints and rural exodus in the sotheastern quadrant of Spain
Since the middle of the last century, Spain's rural areas have experienced an unprecedented process of depopulation. To a greater or lesser extent, this phenomenon can be seen in different areas of the country. However, its manifestation is much more vigorous in the northern half of Spain than in the southern half. However, there are certain geographical areas located in the south which have suffered a very marked demographic regression. This is the case of the regions that make up the interprovincial node in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Among the factors which, to a greaterextent, favourdepopulation, thedisappearance/absence of basic services stands out. The main objective of this work is to evaluate both the current supply of different essential public services (health or education) and private services (banks or broadband coverage), as well as their evolution, accessibility, maintenance and influence as a cause or consequence of the demographic decline suffered by the counties that make up the geographical area in question. The methodology used is based on the processing of information from official sources, such as the INE, Bank of Spain, or different ministries (Digital Transformation; Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge; Territorial Policy and Public Function; Education, Vocational Training and Sports; etc.). The results show the lack of basic services and their correlation with the rural exodus.
Educate to protect life: the teaching of floods
The objectives of this research, based on the participation of school students, teachers in training (Primary and Secondary Education), and active teachers, are to analyze the training and prevention received about floods during the school stage, and the experiences of floods suffered in their educational center. Methodologically, based on carrying out two questionnaires (students/teachers) in the Valencian Community (Spain) between 2018-2019 and 2023-2024 academic years (1,702 participants), the main results show that half claim to have not received training on these phenomena during their school years (48.6%), highlighting that those who received some type of training were based on carrying out protocols and/or information on how to act (13.5%). Faced with climate change scenarios, it is necessary to train and prepare the school population (students/teachers) for floods, but also to raise awareness about the daily exposure to these phenomena.
Validation of the interaction system for sustainable rural environments. A permaculture design approach
This article presents the design and validation of the interactions system for the transformation of the village of San Miguel in the municipality of San Francisco – Cundinamarca into a sustainable rural environment, from a permaculture design approach. It corresponds to one of the results of a research carried out by the Colombia´s Catholic University Faculty of Design, constituting a reference to be replicated in other contexts with similar characteristics, by contributing to the sustainable development of rural territories. It proposes the conceptual and methodological articulations between design and sustainability from a permaculture approach and, from the interactions of human ecology, that is, between the human social system and the ecosystem. It also provides an instrument for the evaluation of permaculture and sustainability levels applicable in the target territory. With a bimodal methodological proposal, it addresses aspects of qualitative and applied research, under a critical social approach, for which it uses Participatory Research (PI) and Action Research (AI) as a method.
Capitation payment unit and dissatisfaction with the health care system: spatial characterization of Medellin
This study uses information from the Quality of Life Survey to segment the population of Medellín according to the characteristics that determine satisfaction with the health system. The segmentation, using the k-prototypes algorithm, considers possible changes in space according to the communes and corregimientos of the municipality, and changes over time from the years 2011 to 2019. It was obtained that the population can be segmented into two groups, but both are dissatisfied with the health system. In addition, the socioeconomic improvement, the high values of risk premiums of the Capitation Payment Unit delivered to the Health Promoting Entities and the physical availability of health service delivery points do not lead to the satisfaction of the affiliates, and much less to an improvement in the perceived state of health.